40%烟嘧·莠去津WG防除玉米田1年生杂草的效果

田间试验结果表明,40%烟嘧·莠去津WG2375-2875g/h㎡能有效防除玉米田1年生杂草。药后28d,对狗尾草、稗草、马唐、青葙和鸭跖草的株防效达88.7%-92.3%,鲜重防效达92.9%-96.2%,对玉米安全性好,且增产效果显著。     

使它隆乳油对小麦田阔叶杂草的药效试验

以200g/L使它隆乳油防治猪殃殃、荠菜、大巢菜、播娘蒿等常见的小麦田间一年生阔叶杂草,结果表明,此浓度药剂对这些小麦田间杂草有较好的防治作用,对不同的杂草防治效果略有不同。药后45d,对猪殃殃、荠菜、大巢菜、播娘蒿等的株防效可达81．58％～96．43％,鲜重防效达90．00％～97．94％。对小麦安全性好,增产效果显著。     

40%苯苄乙草胺WP防除水稻抛秧田杂草效果研究

对40%苯苄乙草胺WP、10%苄嘧磺隆WP、50%苯噻酰草胺WP、20%乙草胺WP、60%苯噻苄WP防除水稻抛秧田杂草的效果进行研究.试验结果表明:40%苯苄乙草胺WP在水稻抛秧后5～7 d施药,可有效防除稗草、节节菜、矮慈菇、鸭舌草、异型莎草等各种稻田常见杂草,用药量600-750 g/hm~2,药后40 d对各类杂草总草株防效、鲜蕈防效分别达83.8%～88.6%、94.4%～96.4%,显著高于对照药剂60%苯噻苄WP 600 g/hm~2、10%苄嘧磺隆WP 300g/hm~2和50%苯嚷酰草胺WP750 g/hm~2防效.     

“削阔”水乳剂防治谷田阔叶杂草效果研究

为了探讨谷田阔叶杂草的化学防除技术,以冀谷25为试材,研究了喷施浓度225～450 mL/hm2的“削阔”水乳剂对谷田阔叶杂草的防治效果以及对谷子产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明：“削阔”水乳剂喷施浓度为450 mL/hm2时除草效果最好,且经济效益最高。     

佳木斯大学校园草坪杂草群落组成和多样性研究

采取"W"9点取样法对佳木斯大学校园草坪杂草进行调查分析.结果表明:校园常见的杂草主要包括15科24属27种,其中菊科种类最多.优势种杂草主要有紫花地丁、老鹳草、蒲公英和白三叶等.同时,根据草坪杂草的分布特点和危害状况,提出了草坪杂草的防除措施.     

高效氟吡甲禾灵108g/L乳油防除花生田1年生禾本科杂草药效试验

试验结果表明,高效氟吡甲禾灵108g/L乳油16.2、32.4、48.6、64.8g/hm2共4个处理对1年生禾本科杂草马唐的防效分别达到83.6%、96.5%、92.2%、91.1%。在花生田1年生禾本科杂草2叶期～生长盛期用高效氟吡甲禾灵108g/L乳油进行茎叶处理,施药量以32.4～48.6g/hm2(商品量20～30mL/667m2)为宜,药后45d防效仍可保持在90.0%以上。推荐剂量下药剂对花生生长安全。     

100g/L三氟啶磺隆OD对细叶结缕草草坪杂草的防除效果研究

[目的]研究三氟啶磺隆防除细叶结缕草草坪杂草的效果、杀草谱、合理使用剂量及其对草坪的安全性,为大面积生产应用提供科学依据。[方法]采用单因素随机区组试验设计,在细叶结缕草草坪上,用100 g/L三氟啶磺隆OD 300～750 ml/hm2进行茎叶喷雾处理防除杂草研究。[结果]600～750ml/hm2的100 g/L三氟啶磺隆OD能有效防除酢浆草,其防效优于对照药剂25%秀百宫WDG;也能够较好地防除单穗水蜈蚣等莎草科杂草,对马唐也有一定的抑制效果,防效接近对照药剂25%秀百宫WDG;对两耳草、母草、粗叶耳草等防效相对较差;对成坪的细叶结缕草生长无影响,对草坪安全。[结论]在细叶结缕草草坪上使用600～750ml/hm2的100 g/L三氟啶磺隆OD较为适宜。     

The effects of seed mix and management on the abundance of desirable and pernicious unsown species in arable buffer strip communities

Buffer strips are refuges for a variety of plants providing resources, such as pollen, nectar and seeds, for higher trophic levels, including invertebrates, mammals and birds. Margins can also harbour plant species that are potentially injurious to the adjacent arable crop (undesirable species). Sowing perennial species in non‐cropped buffer strips can reduce weed incidence, but limits the abundance of annuals with the potential to support wider biodiversity (desirable species). We investigated the responses of unsown plant species present in buffer strips established with three different seed mixes managed annually with three contrasting management regimes (cutting, sward scarification and selective graminicide). Sward scarification had the strongest influence on the unsown desirable (e.g. Sonchus spp.) and unsown pernicious (e.g. Elytrigia repens) species, and was generally associated with higher cover values of these species. However, abundances of several desirable weed species, in particular Poa annua, were not promoted by scarification. The treatments of cutting and graminicide tended to have negative impacts on the unsown species, except for Cirsium vulgare, which increased with graminicide application. Differences in unsown species cover between seed mixes were minimal, although the grass‐only mix was more susceptible to establishment by C. vulgare and Galium aparine than the two grass and forb mixes. Annual scarification can enable desirable annuals and sown perennials to co‐exist, however, this practice can also promote pernicious species, and so is unlikely to be widely adopted as a management tool in its current form.     

Moving integrated weed management from low level to a truly integrated and highly specific weed management system using advanced technologies

Integrated weed management (IWM) is one of the most commonly referred to approaches for sustainable and effective weed control in agriculture, yet it is not widely practiced, likely because current IWM systems fail to meet performance expectations of growers. The effectiveness and value of IWM systems should increase with increasing application specificity and true integration made possible with contemporary advances in technology, information systems and decision support. IWM systems can be classified based on their degree of application specificity and level of integration of tactics. In the application specificity pathway, a tactic is applied at a range of scales, from subfield to plant specific. In the integration pathway, multiple weed control tactics are combined in a synergistic manner. We hypothesise that the full value of IWM can and will be realised only when current and emerging technological innovations, information systems and decision tools are synergistically combined for use in real time. The True IWM system we envision requires automation and robotic technologies, coupled with information and decision support systems that are available or emerging but not yet enabled, in a proven integrated platform. Examples of low‐level, traditional and precision IWM systems are discussed, and research needs for a True IWM system are presented. We conclude that the immediate call should be for a long‐term investment in R&D and education (both theoretical and empirical) to develop and implement True IWM systems, an effort best accomplished in a public–private partnership where all essential entities are fully engaged and adequately resourced, including growers from all countries who will utilise IWM.     

Major emerging alien plants in Austrian crop fields

Globalisation and increasing trade have led to the introduction of alien plants that are highly competitive and difficult to control in agriculture in central Europe. Our study set out to analyse the invasion process and agricultural impact of the six emerging alien plants Abutilon theophrasti, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Cyperus esculentus, Datura stramonium, Panicum schinzii and Sorghum halepense in Austria, based on a large distribution data set (694 occurrence records in crop fields). We found that all study species have increased in abundance and range, especially after the year 2000. The rate of spread was highest for A. artemisiifolia and lowest for C. esculentus. At present, records of the study species were largely associated with areas of high summer crop concentration in eastern, southern and north‐western Austria. Based on the CORINE land‐cover data set, we found that the agricultural area at risk of being invaded increased over time. At present, it ranges between 45 500 and 168 000 ha (approximately 2.4% and 8.7% of the total agricultural area) depending on the species. The invasion success of the study species is probably associated with frequent human‐mediated dispersal, specific crop‐dominated rotations and herbicide use. Our results suggest that the study species will successfully spread further. We conclude that these emerging alien species will cause substantial impacts on crops in Austria and probably in other countries of central Europe.