Spring Barley Responses to Row Spacing and Fungicide Triadimefon in Regions with a Short Crop-growing Season

Aspects of intensive management practices such as high-yielding cultivars, narrow-row spacings and fungicide treatments could potentially increase cereal yields in regions with a short crop-growing season and occasionally dry and hot weather. A field experiment was carried out at McGill University, Canada for three years (1987 to 1989) to test the effects of triadimefon (1-[4-chlorophenoxy]-3,3-dimethyl-1-[1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-2-butanone, or Bayleton, a trade name) fungicide (0 vs. 140 g a.i. ha⁻¹) and row spacing (10 vs. 20 cm) on the yield components, yield and other agronomic traits (spike emergence, days to maturity, leaf disease and plant height) of spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Cadette, Laurier and Leger. A cultivar by row spacing interaction resulted in a 11 to 13.5 % increase in grain yield due to narrow rows for Laurier in two out of the three years and up to 16 % for Leger in one year. Over the three years grain yields were on average increased 6 to 12 % due to use of the narrower row spacing. Fungicide application to barley at the early heading stage effectively controlled leaf diseases without influence on yield components or grain yield. Our results indicate that some components of intensive management such as narrow row spacing can be applicable in regions with a short crop-growing season.     

Influence of Low Light Irradiance on Grain Filling in Rice (Oryza saliva L.) cultivars

Time course of grain filling pattern in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, grown under normal and low light intensities, was studied. The number of spikelets, partially filled grains and high density grains were monitored at a 5 day interval during grain filling period from uniform panicles tagged at anthesis. The low light tolerant cultivar Swarnaprabha had more high density grains and less partially filled grains throughout the grain filling period and at harvest compared to cultivar Ratna under both normal and low light intensities. Further, the opening of spikelets in two flushes in Swarnaprabha seemed to result in a more efficient resource allocation and hence better yield as compared to Ratna, in which the opening of spikelets was in a single flush on day 10.     

N_(98s)×特青(亚种间杂交稻)抽穗后物质生产及分配特点研究初报

对N×特青示范田中试区与肥料试验田各处理小区稻株分析结果表明:抽穗后,亚种间杂交稻N×特青比常规稻特青干物质生产能力强,灌浆速度快;地上部各器官占植株干重比例,前者叶片比重大于茎,后者茎比重大于叶。亚种间杂交稻对肥料反应敏感,抽穗后,干物质累积,植株高度,每穗总粒数和粒重均随施肥量增加而增加,在高肥区有利于进一步提高产量,但增施氮肥后,灌浆速度明显滞后。     

小麦籽粒发芽对品质的影响

选用来自黑龙江、辽宁和北京的11个冬、春性小麦品种,对其发芽籽粒和耒发芽籽粒进行了11个品质性状的分析,以研究籽粒发芽对小走品质性状的影响。结果表明,小麦籽粒发芽对其蛋白质、淀粉和馒头加工品质均造成负面影响,籽粒发芽与不发芽相比,蛋白质舍量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、峰值粘度、稀懈值、降落值、馒头体积和馒头评分等品质性状的差异均达到5％或1％显著水平。籽粒发芽造成蛋白质质量的下降程度大于蛋白质含量的下降程度。籽粒发芽对品质影响程度在品种（系）间也存在差异。发芽处理的小走高分子量走谷蛋白亚基组成和醇溶蛋白电泳图谱均未发生变化。     

基于分期播种试验夏玉米延迟收获促进子粒灌浆和粒重增益效应

基于2019-2022年夏玉米播期试验资料,分析夏玉米生理成熟后延迟收获对子粒农艺性状改善、增产效应。结果表明,早播10 d至晚播20 d处理的有效灌浆结束日均比生理成熟期延后,子粒有效灌浆持续日数依次比其花后10 d至生理成熟期日数延长28～9 d,播期每推迟10 d延长日数减少6.3 d。子粒农艺性状有明显的改善,百粒重、穗粒重提高,子粒增产效应明显,理论产量增产率16.95%～7.66%,增产量1 960.36～681.51 kg/hm²,对照增产最多,比晚播10、20 d增产粮食多2.4～2.9倍。为华北地区提高气候资源利用效率和粮食生产提质增效提供参考。     

谷物干燥仿人智能控制系统

针对具有非线性、大滞后和复杂性等特点的谷物干燥过程,研究了一种连续式谷物干燥机的仿人智能控制系统。利用出机粮食含水率偏差以及偏差的变化率作为控制器输入,控制器可根据含水率偏差的极值在线调整比例增益,进而输出排粮电动机期望转速。应用虚拟仪器开发平台LabVIEW和数据采集卡并结合传感器,设计出了该智能控制器的软件和硬件系统。试验结果基本符合仿人智能控制规则,表明该控制器的实时有效性较好。     

基于相似理论的谷物干燥过程经验模型

根据谷物干燥过程的相关影响因素,采用量纲分析方法推导出谷物干燥过程相似准则.利用实验方法确定了该相似准则的具体函数关系,建立了干燥过程的相似型经验公式.通过实验验证,该模型预测值与实测值的最大相对误差为2.8%,最小相对误差只有0.7%,可以较准确地预测分析一定参数范围内谷物含水率.     

对我国南方双季稻主产区粮食生产结构调整的思考

本文在区域比较优势分析的基础上,结合资源禀赋和市场需求,提出了一些新的粮食生产结构调整的建议.     

中国近期耕地资源的变化及其对粮食产能的影响

依据中国近10 a（2000-2008年）耕地资源的变化,分析了粮食综合生产能力的变化及其影响因素,包括耕地面积、粮食播种面积、粮食单产水平和粮食总产量的年际变化率以及四者之间的相关关系。结果表明,耕地面积对粮食产量并无决定性关系,影响我国近期粮食产能的最主要因素是粮食的播种面积和单产水平,两者的年际变化率均与粮食总产量年际变化率呈较强的相关性,变化趋势基本一致。最后基于研究所得出的结论对保护耕地与粮食安全的措施进行了探讨。     

Responses of glutamine synthetase activity and gene expression to nitrogen levels in winter wheat cultivars with different grain protein content

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism, which improves crops grain protein content. A pot experiment in field condition was carried out to evaluate GS expression and activity, and grain protein content in high (Wanmai16) and low grain protein (Loumai24) wheat cultivars under two N levels (0.05 and 0.15 g N kg⁻¹ soil). High nitrogen (HN) resulted in significant increases in GS1 and GS2 expression at 10 days after anthesis (DAA), and higher GS activity during the entire grain filling stage. HN also significantly increased yield, grain protein content and protein fraction (except for glutenin of Luomai24) in two wheat cultivars, which indicated that it increased grain yield and protein content by improving nitrogen metabolism. Wanmai16 showed higher grain protein content, gliadin and glutenin content, and had higher expression level of GS2 both in flag leaves and grains at early grain filling stage. However, Luomai24 had greater yield and higher expression level of GS1. The difference expression of GS2 and GS1 genes indicates they had various contributions to the accumulation of protein and starch in wheat grains, respectively. The results suggest that GS2 would be serving as a potential breeding target for improving wheat quality.