Implication of relationships among suspended sediment size, water discharge and suspended sediment concentration: the Yellow River basin, China

According to the yearly maximum suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) in the Yellow River and its tributaries, the rivers are divided into three types of more than 300, 20–300, and less than 20 kg/m³. The middle Yellow River basin is located in the transitional zone from subhumid to semiarid climates, and covered by a thick loess mantle. Neighboring on the desert areas to the northwest, the surface material of the Loess Plateau exhibits some marked areal differentiation in grain size and forms three zones covered by sandy loess, (typical) loess and clayey loess from northwest to southeast. Controlled by these physico-geographical conditions, the grain size of river-transported sediment shows some particular characteristics; at small water discharge or SSC, the grain size of suspended sediment abruptly decreases to a minimum with increasing water discharge or SSC. At water discharge of more than ca. 40 m³/s or at SSC of more than ca. 40 kg/m³, the grain size increases with water discharge or SSC.During the low-stage season, the relatively clear baseflow may scour the coarse bed materials, so the suspended sediment is relatively coarse. In the rainy season, rainstorm runoff washes out fine loess materials to the river, making suspended sediment fine. During relatively strong rainstorms, there often occur hyperconcentrated flows at SSC of more than 300 kg/m³. The relatively coarse grains could then remain suspended in the mixture of water and fine suspended sediment.     

农田生态系统水分循环与作物水分关系研究

通过对我国不同类型农田生态系统水分循环与作物生产力关系的网络研究,探讨了我国主要类型地区小麦、玉米、大豆等几种主要作物的菡散耗水和需水规律、水分利用效率和作物水分生产函数,获得这些地区主要作物耗水需水特征及小麦水分生产函数。结果表明,在不同生态系统优化结构模式中作物与水分关系均得到极大改善,节约了作物用水,提高了作物产量和水分利用效率。     

Crop responses to applied soil compaction and to compaction repair treatments

Crop responses to annual compaction treatments (applied to whole plots) and management treatments to ameliorate compacted soil were determined in a field experiment on a Vertisol. Initially, all treatments except a control were compacted with a 10 Mg axle load on wet soil (26% gravimetric water content compared with a plastic limit of 22%). Annually applied axle loads of 10 and 6 Mg on wet soil (25–32% soil water) tended to reduce seedling emergence, grain yield (wheat, sorghum and maize), soil water storage and crop water use efficiency (WUE). Annual applications of an axle load of 6 Mg on dry soil (<22% soil water) had little effect on crop performance. Mean reductions in the yield of five crops (three wheat, one sorghum and one maize) in comparison with the uncompacted control were 23% or 0.79 Mg ha⁻¹ (10 Mg on wet soil), 13% or 0.44 Mg ha⁻¹ (6 Mg on wet soil) and 1% or 0.03 Mg ha⁻¹ (6 Mg on dry soil). Maize grown in the fifth year of treatment application was most affected by compaction of wet soil, its WUE being reduced from 14.3 to 9.7 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ in response to an axle load of 10 Mg. Reduced WUE was associated with delayed soil water extraction at depth. A 3-year pasture ley was the most successful amelioration treatment. A wheat and a maize crop grown after the ley outyielded the control by 0.33 and 0.90 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively. So the pasture not only ameliorated the initial compaction damage, with respect to crop performance, but resulted in improvements in two subsequent crops.     

甘肃省环县粮食生产的动态变化与模拟预测研究

在分析环县55年粮食动态变化的基础上,利用主成分分析法(PCA)探讨了粮食生产的影响因素。结果表明:社会经济发展水平、农业科技进步和自然灾害是影响粮食生产的3个主要成分。并根据影响粮食生产的主要因子,通过建立GM(1,1)模型,对环县2010年、2015年、2020年影响粮食生产的各因子进行了预测,以期为环县农业稳产、加快迈进农业现代化提供科学依据。     

低植酸作物的研究进展及展望

对植酸的含量与贮存形式及其生理功能、低植酸作物的营养功能、低植酸突变体作物的培育与研究、低植酸突变的分子遗传学特性及其可能机理进行了综述 ,并对今后的工作提出了展望。     

干旱状况下小区域灌溉冬小麦农田生态系统水热传输

该文采用涡度相关技术测定小区域灌溉冬小麦农田实际蒸散量和农田能量平衡各分量,分析表征农田地表获取能量再分配经典参数Priestly-Taylor系数（α=LE/LEeq）的变化特征。结果表明,在华北地区冬小麦返青至成熟期内,日变化过程中白天时间段内, Priestley-Taylor系数呈“U”型变化趋势,7︰00～18︰00 时刻内,α平均值为（1.324±0.334）,正午前后保持在1.05～1.17之间。 在冬小麦生育期季节变化过程中,Priestley-Taylor系数（α）平均值为（1.473±0.454）,远高于在湿润下垫面时（α＝1.26）的数值,在抽穗开花期内土壤水分充足时α最大值为2.317,拔节时期土壤水分胁迫时α值为0.410。干旱少雨状况下,进行小面积充分灌溉时,由于存在农田热平流现象将导致过多的蒸发蒸腾水分耗散,降低农田灌溉水的利用效率。     

转Bt基因作物毒素在土壤中降解特性的研究进展

总结了国内外转Bt基因作物在土壤中降解特性的研究结果,讨论了土壤有机、无机组分与毒素蛋白的关系,阐明了转基因毒素蛋白在土壤中的降解与影响因素,揭示了转Bt基因作物在土壤中降解的生态环境效应,并提出了今后应深入研究的问题和方向.     

基于Meta分析和气象因子驱动的苏豫皖小麦籽粒蛋白质含量地理空间分布特征

为明确苏豫皖地区小麦籽粒蛋白质含量空间分布规律,收集该区域1999-2019年间与小麦籽粒蛋白质含量相关的研究文献及相应地点的气象数据,运用Meta分析方法建立基于气象因子驱动的小麦籽粒蛋白质含量模型,用ArcGIS反距离插值创建预测图,并利用2019年在江苏实际取样测定的小麦籽粒蛋白质数据予以模型验证;最后根据国家小麦品质标准进行小麦品质区划。结果表明,籽粒蛋白质含量随灌浆中期的总日照时数升高而升高,随播种-孕穗、灌浆前中期的总降水量增加而降低。在苏豫皖各地处于同一气象等级条件时,小麦籽粒蛋白质含量整体上从西向东呈降低趋势。采用2019年多点抽样获得的小麦籽粒蛋白质含量进行验证,发现分省拟合模型的效果较好,相对误差在-10%～0之间。苏豫皖三省中,中筋小麦主要分布在江苏省的中北部、安徽省中部少部分地区;中强筋小麦主要分布在江苏省的北部、安徽省的北部、中西部和西南部、河南省的东北部;强筋小麦主要分布在河南省东部、西北部和西南部;江苏省的南部和中部、安徽省的东南部最适宜弱筋小麦的种植。     

葡萄利用结果枝副梢二次结果栽培试验

摘要：在桂林葡萄产区开展利用结果枝副梢促花二次结果的栽培试验,总结在新梢生长期喷多效唑（或矮壮素）、对新梢重度修剪促进冬芽提早萌发是整齐促放葡萄二茬果的关键技术,观测了二茬果果品品质和效益,提出了生产二茬果注意的技术问题。     

中晚熟粒用高粱不同组合杂交种的筛选

为选育优质中晚熟粒用高粱新材料,本试验采用单因素随机区组设计,以4份不同杂交组合高粱亲本为试验材料,分析不同组合杂交种的生育期、农艺性状及产量性状的差异,筛选最佳的中晚熟粒用高粱组合.高粱组合杂交种的生育期存在差异,但相差不大,生育期最长的高粱组合23A×014-52,生育期为134天,生育期最短的高粱组合147A×0...