种植密度对全膜双垄沟播玉米子粒灌浆特征、干物质积累及产量的影响

以先玉335为试验材料,研究4个密度水平(4.5×10⁴、5.25×10⁴、6.0×10⁴、6.75×10⁴株/hm²)对旱地春玉米形态指标、灌浆特征、干物质积累、产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,随密度增加,株高表现为先增大后减小的趋势,处理间无显著差异,地上部分干物质积累量和叶面积指数提高,营养物质向子粒转运的效率降低。不同处理下产量受有效穗数的影响较大,随着密度增大,群体有效穗比例由77.00%降低至69.00%;灌浆速率和灌浆时间共同影响百粒重,密度较低时,子粒最大灌浆速率出现所用天数提前,有助于子粒灌浆过程提前完成;随着密度增加,穗行数和行粒数均表现为增大趋势,百粒重先增大后减小。因此,本试验中种植密度为4.5×10⁴株/hm²左右时,可以较好地协调玉米群体和个体生长关系之间的矛盾,实现子粒高产和水分高效利用的目标。     

气象因子对黄淮海区粒收玉米子粒灌浆与脱水特性的影响

以宜子粒收获玉米品种“浚单1668”为材料,2018～2020年在鹤壁开展子粒灌浆试验,分析子粒灌浆及脱水特性,探讨粒重、子粒灌浆参数和子粒脱水速率与气象因子之间的关系,揭示宜子粒收获玉米产量形成机制。结果表明,不同年份间玉米子粒产量、百粒重和收获时含水率差异显著。玉米产量的差异主要由粒重引起,粒重与灌浆速率显著正相关,与灌浆时间相关性不显著;日照时数和有效积温是影响灌浆速率和粒重的主要气象因子,日照时数和日温差是影响脱水速率的主要气象因子。结果还表明,子粒收获玉米浚单1668吐丝后积温达到769.1～905.0℃·d时,玉米子粒生理成熟,生理成熟时子粒含水量20.67%～25.33%。黄淮海区域玉米生产过程中,通过适时早播,增加吐丝后日照时数和有效积温,玉米获得最大粒重和产量的同时,可有效降低子粒收获时含水量。     

高产小麦氮素积累及其与产量和蛋白质含量的关系

利用８个高产小麦品种,通过定期取样测定生育期各器官氮素含量,研究其氮素动态变化,进而探讨不同品种各器官氮素含量与产量和蛋白质含量的关系。结果表明,除籽粒外,不同品种各器官的氮素含量均随生育期进程而降低。其中茎秆的降低幅度最大,其次为叶片,再次为根系。叶片、茎秆及颖壳在收获时的含氮量与籽料产量呈负相关,而与籽粒蛋白质含相相关不显著。     

Effects of cultivar resistance and single fungicide application on rice sheath blight, yield, and quality

The increased number of sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani)-resistant rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars available will allow producers to use less fungicide and avoid significant reductions in grain and milling yields. Among cultivars currently in cultivation in the southern United States, sheath blight resistance levels range from very susceptible to moderately resistant. A study was conducted to determine the response of cultivars, with different levels of susceptibility, to sheath blight inoculations and fungicide application and to determine the impact of sheath blight disease development on rice yield and quality. Sheath blight epidemics in field plots were initiated by inoculation at the panicle differentiation growth stage in 2006 and 2007. Azoxystrobin at 0.17 kg a.i. ha⁻¹ was applied at mid-boot. Inoculation significantly increased sheath blight severity and incidence and caused yield losses of 8% in moderately resistant cv. Jupiter to 40% in very susceptible cv. Trenasse. Milling yields were affected to a lesser extent. Fungicide treatments reduced sheath blight incidence and severity, regardless of cultivar except in Jupiter. Single azoxystrobin applications were effective in minimizing yield loss due to sheath blight in all cultivars.     

Critical period for grain number establishment of near isogenic lines of two- and six-rowed barley

In barley no studies have attempted to pinpoint the critical period for grain number determination, and it is frequently stated that the critical period is similar to that of wheat. However, there are important differences between the species and among barley genotypes (i.e. two- and six-rowed types) suggesting that this assumption requires testing. The objectives of this paper were (i) to determine the critical period for grain number determination in two- and six-rowed barleys, and (ii) to identify which yield components were more sensitive to changes in incident radiation during that period.

Two field experiments were conducted using two pairs of near isogenic lines differing only in the spike type. Shading was imposed at different periods throughout the crop cycle (from 60 days before heading to 15 days after) to reduce incident solar radiation approximately 70%.

The critical period for grain number determination tended to be slightly earlier in two- (ca. between 40 and 10 days before heading) than in six-rowed barleys (ca. between 30 days before heading until that stage). In terms of the external phenology, the beginning of the critical period for setting grains was 10 days after the beginning of stem elongation, and 10 days before flag leaf appearance in two- and six-rowed lines, respectively. Changes in the number of grains per unit area were correlated with crop growth rate during the critical period for yield determination.     

不同种类真菌多糖对小麦黄矮病的防治效果

为了筛选小麦黄矮病的真菌多糖防治药剂及其适宜浓度,将云芝、灵芝、虫草等13种真菌多糖稀释成0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0g·L-1溶液,以清水为对照,比较分析了叶面喷施真菌多糖对小麦黄矮病的预防和治疗效果,同时对防效好的1.1%云芝葡聚糖(多糖)与常规植物抗病毒药剂的田间防效进行了比较。结果表明,13种真菌多糖对小麦黄矮病的预防作用都显著高于治疗作用,且真菌多糖间和浓度间差异均显著,其中云芝多糖1.0g·L-1、云芝多糖2.0g·L-1、蜜环菌多糖2.0g·L-1、灰树花多糖2.0g·L-1、猪苓多糖2.0g·L-1的预防效果分别为86.88%、86.58%、86.33%、86.04%和85.97%。1.1%云芝葡聚糖800倍液为适宜喷施浓度,其防效64.27%,保产22.70%,说明云芝多糖是一种有前途的新型小麦黄矮病免疫抑制剂。     

扬麦16“灌浆快”与颖果显微结构和内源生长素的关系

扬麦16是长江中下游麦区种植面积最大的品种,具有灌浆速度快、粒重高等特点。为探明扬麦16"灌浆快"与颖果结构和内源生长素的关系,以宁麦13为对照,显微观察了扬麦16颖果维管束、胚乳细胞和传递细胞发育的变化特征,测定了千粒重和生长素含量。结果表明,扬麦16胚乳中淀粉体和蛋白体发育好,胚乳充实饱满,最终粒重高;灌浆过程中扬麦16颖果内源生长素水平高,促进了同化物向籽粒的调运和胚乳细胞的分裂;扬麦16颖果维管束发达,筛管面积大,韧皮部卸载能力强;扬麦16颖果传递细胞分化早,细胞壁内突结构发达,养分转运能力强。     

Tannins in forage plants and their role in animal husbandry and environmental sustainability: a review

The literature about tannins, polyphenolic secondary metabolites of plants, with both beneficial and adverse function according to their concentration and chemical structure, is vast and often conflicting. Tannins in forages have often been described as antinutritional factors, but this review aims to update information on beneficial effects on animals and the environment. Although research on the relation between tannins and animal production and health, for example, dry‐matter intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and diseases, has mainly focused on condensed tannins, this review also discusses potential benefits from the use of hydrolysable tannins as a feed additive. Attention is given to the use of tannins in the mitigation of methane emissions from ruminants in forage‐based feeding systems and as a natural and ecologically friendly resource for improvement of nutrient utilization and environmental sustainability in meat and dairy farming.     

近年来山东省小麦育种骨干亲本材料品质特性鉴评

近几年来随着小麦育种目标的多样化,优异亲本材料的数量越来越多,类型也越来越丰富。利用籽粒品质、面粉品质和淀粉RVA糊化特性对448份近年来山东省小麦育种骨干亲本材料的品质特性进行了详细分析评价。结果表明,这批骨干亲本材料的品质变异类型非常丰富。籽粒硬度主要集中在大（65~85）、小（30~45）两个正态区域,籽粒蛋白和面粉蛋白含量均呈正态分布,筛选出籽粒品质和蛋白品质较好的材料山农267、济037042、山农7081、济南17、DH155、耷拉头、济20061594、ME2IQ02和中作8131-1等。湿面筋含量、干面筋值和面筋指数变异丰富,面筋品质类型多,筛选出济046368、抗秆锈38和6F6-155等适用于选育弱筋小麦的杂交亲本材料,以及山农267、济麦20、济884187、泰麦1号、济056760、PH82-2、济995071、济038186、临汾6410、CP20-3、ME2IQ2-3和ME2IQ2-6等用于高蛋白强筋类小麦选育的优异材料。峰值黏度、稀懈值和回生值等基本呈正态分布,糊化温度呈两极分化,反映了这批材料的淀粉RVA糊化特性,筛选出了烟农24、泰山24、济0541167、济0040919、烟0469、济035354、济056743、郑农19、扬麦5号、Rh6、郑麦366、百农4805、百农64、优选1号、wheatear、B.Rock、CD70E、Kukrj70E、27thESWYTL等RVA糊化特性优良的材料,可用于小麦淀粉品质改良和面条小麦新品种培育。     

农业转基因实验室生物风险研究进展

综述了我国农业转基因实验室生物安全研究的现状以及转基因作物实验室的生物安全风险因素,并提出了相应的安全管理建议。