陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕还林对粮食安全的影响——以榆林市米脂县为例

以榆林市米脂县为例,选择最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数模型对其退耕还林工程实施前后的粮食生产进行了对比分析;以1995~2005年的统计数据为基础,运用GM(1,1)模型预测了该县2010年的粮食供需前景。研究结果表明:与退耕前相比,米脂县的最小人均耕地面积减少了25.15%,耕地压力指数增加了7.99%;粮食供需预测显示,2010年米脂县粮食总供给量为42522 t,当人均粮食需求量分别为190kg、230kg、260kg时,粮食总需求量为39847 t、48236 t、54527 t,粮食盈余率为6.29%、-13.44%、-28.23%。这说明在低的需求下,目前退耕还林工程没有对该县的粮食安全构成较大威胁,但随着需求水平提高粮食安全威胁迅速加大。因此,决不能对粮食安全放松警惕,并据此提出了保证未来粮食安全的有效途径。     

Sugar concentration in nectar: a quantitative metric of crop attractiveness for refined pollinator risk assessments

Those involved with pollinator risk assessment know that agricultural crops vary in attractiveness to bees. Intuitively, this means that exposure to agricultural pesticides is likely greatest for attractive plants and lowest for unattractive plants. While crop attractiveness in the risk assessment process has been qualitatively remarked on by some authorities, absent is direction on how to refine the process with quantitative metrics of attractiveness. At a high level, attractiveness of crops to bees appears to depend on several key variables, including but not limited to: floral, olfactory, visual and tactile cues; seasonal availability; physical and behavioral characteristics of the bee; plant and nectar rewards. Notwithstanding the complexities and interactions among these variables, sugar content in nectar stands out as a suitable quantitative metric by which to refine pollinator risk assessments for attractiveness. Provided herein is a proposed way to use sugar nectar concentration to adjust the exposure parameter (with what is called a crop attractiveness factor) in the calculation of risk quotients in order to derive crop‐specific tier I assessments. This Perspective is meant to invite discussion on incorporating such changes in the risk assessment process. © 2016 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

14%苄嘧磺隆·百草敌(快八)可湿性粉剂小麦田除草试验与研究

14%快八可湿性粉剂能有效地防除冬小麦一年生阔叶杂草及具有杀草谱广、用药量少、活性高、见效快、对作物安全等特点,是一种较理想的混配茎叶处理剂。     

浅析灌溉对作物根系及产量的影响

结合文献资料,从作物根系的水平分布、垂直分布、硝态氮运移及产量等几个方面,概述了不同灌溉量和灌溉方式对作物的影响,分析了滴灌、渗灌等微灌技术的应用。最后,针对经济林木生产的实际现状,进行了展望：探索一种成本低、简单易操作、便于推广应用的灌溉措施更具有理论和实践意义。     

达州市经济作物产业发展现状与对策

通过分析达州市经济作物产业发展现状和存在的问题,提出了促进当地经济作物产业发展的对策建议,为推动地区特色经济作物产业高质量发展提供参考。     

精准施肥技术的研究现状及在热带作物上的应用前景

精准施肥是当前农业发展的热点,而热带作物产业是我国农业体系的重要组成部分,是热区建设社会主义新农村的重要支撑产业。通过对精准施肥技术概念和研究现状的阐述,提出在我国热带作物产业发展中精准施肥技术的关键问题,并提出了无变量施肥设备的精准施肥。     

坡耕地暴雨结皮对作物生长发育影响的实验研究

采用盆栽和小区试验的方法,经3年试验发现,坡耕地土壤结皮对作物的出苗、生长、产量和生物量等均有不同程度的影响。小麦出苗率、苗高、最大苗高、产量和生物量分别降低了22.06％、4.60％、6.86％、1.16-9.84％和0.74-6.98％;结皮虽对玉米出苗影响不大,但延长了出苗期,使产量和生物量降低了5.66—9.17％和7.17—11.25％,而且随结皮厚度、强度和地表坡度的增加,其影响更为明显。因此,通过增加地面覆盖和雨后人工耕锄以消除结皮,增加产量和保持水土。     

Robotic weeders can improve weed control options for specialty crops

Specialty crop herbicides are not a priority for the agrochemical industry, and many of these crops do not have access to effective herbicides. High‐value fruit and vegetable crops represent small markets and high potential liability in the case of herbicide‐induced crop damage. Meanwhile, conventional and organic specialty crop producers are experiencing labor shortages and higher manual weeding costs. Robotic weeders are promising new weed control tools for specialty crops, because they are cheaper to develop and, with fewer environmental and human health risks, are less regulated than herbicides. Now is the time for greater investment in robotic weeders as new herbicides are expensive to develop and few in number, organic crops need better weed control technology and governments are demanding reduced use of pesticides. Public funding of fundamental research on robotic weeder technology can help improve weed and crop recognition, weed control actuators, and expansion of weed science curricula to train students in this technology. Robotic weeders can expand the array of tools available to specialty crop growers. However, the development of robotic weeders will require a broader recognition that these tools are a viable path to create new weed control tools for specialty crops. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

两种不同穗型水稻的籽粒灌浆特性分析

以直、弯两种穗型水稻各1份材料为试材,通过剪叶与疏花措施,改变灌浆进程,研究了源库关系对水稻籽粒灌浆特性的影响。结果表明,不同穗型水稻籽粒灌浆进程可用Richards进行拟合,从而可以用朱庆森等提出的有关参数对灌浆特性进行解释。剪叶降低水稻籽粒的灌浆速度和终极生长量,导致结实率低,籽粒充实度差,千粒重小而减产,而疏花(剪穗)则相反。     

基于Sentinel-2多光谱数据的棉花叶面积指数估算

棉花叶面积指数（leaf are index, LAI）的快速、准确获取对棉花长势监测、发育期诊断、面积提取以及产量估算等遥感监测具有重要意义。该研究利用2017年和2018年的Sentinel-2多光谱卫星数据及大面积田间试验观测获取的棉花不同发育期LAI实测数据,构建了基于单波段反射率及各类植被指数的棉花不同发育期及全发育期LAI估算模型,并采用留一验证（LOOCV, leave-one-out cross validation）和交叉验证对模型精度进行了检验。结果表明：1）对于单波段反射率,基于中心波长为842 nm波宽为145 nm的B8近红外波段对不同发育期LAI估算精度最优均方根误差（RMSE, root mean square error, RMSE=0.378）;2）对于各类植被指数,花蕾期（20170616）和花铃期（20170802）时增强植被指数（EVI, enhanced vegetation index,）表现最佳（RMSE分别为0.352和0.367）,开花期（20180623）时校正土壤调节植被指数（MSAVI2, modified soil adjusted vegetation index 2,）估算精度最高（RMSE=0.323）;3）单波段反射率和各类植被指数对全发育期LAI的估算均要优于对单个发育期LAI的估算,其中基于IRECI指数的（inverted red-edge chlorophyll index）全发育期LAI估算模型精度最佳,LOOCV检验RMSE=0.425,交叉检验RMSE=0.368;将基于IRECI的全发育期LAI估算模型应用到单个发育期LAI估算并与各单个发育期LAI估算模型精度对比,发现交叉验证RMSE平均值仅比LOOCV验证RMSE平均值高0.07,反映了全发育期LAI估算模型良好的普适性。该研究为农作物LAI估算提供了新的数据选择,完善了Sentinel-2卫星数据在LAI估算中的应用领域。