种植密度对不同玉米品种叶片光合特性与碳、氮变化的影响

选用玉米品种先玉335、郑单958和吉单209,设计了6.0、7.5、9.0和10.5万株 hm^-2 4个种植密度。测定了不同生育时期(吐丝期为重点)的叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、全氮含量与碳氮比的动态变化。结果表明,3个品种的叶片叶绿素含量在灌浆期最高,可溶性糖含量在吐丝期最高,碳氮比在吐丝期与成熟期出现2个高峰;叶绿素含量、灌浆期光合速率、叶片可溶性糖、全氮、碳氮比均随种植密度增加而降低;吐丝后光合速率呈下降趋势;吐丝后生育天数与叶绿素含量、光合速率、可溶性糖、C/N呈二次曲线关系,与全氮含量呈线性关系;高种植密度主要影响叶片碳代谢;叶绿素含量不是影响吐丝后光合速率的主要因素。不同基因型耐密性不同,先玉335最好,郑单958次之,吉单209最差。     

不同春小麦品种对氮肥处理的响应

为探究春小麦品种对氮肥的响应特征,采用盆栽方式,选用来自埃及的Egypt1和Egypt2、来自我国天津的津强6号和津强11号4个春小麦品种,设不施氮（B1）、施尿素1g/盆（B2）和施尿素1.5g/盆（B3）3个施氮处理,于小麦成熟期测定植株性状、产量和籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量。结果表明,Egypt2的穗长、穗粒数、小穗数、千粒重、产量均高于津强6号,但津强6号的籽粒总蛋白、清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量最高;随着拔节期施氮量的增加,小麦穗粒数、千粒重、产量、蛋白质及其组分含量均逐渐增高,其中B3处理最高;不同处理组合中,施氮量较高处理下Egypt2的千粒重和产量最高,施氮量较高的津强6号的籽粒总蛋白质及其组分含量最高,拔节期施氮量增多,有利于提高小麦产量、总蛋白质及其组分含量。由此可知,不同品种中,Egypt2的产量最高,津强6号的总蛋白质含量最高;合理施氮肥可以提高小麦的产量和品质,施尿素1.5g/盆的氮肥处理小麦生长最好。品种和施氮量对小麦的产量和品质有较大影响。     

春玉米苗期光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔导度对土壤干旱的反应

为深入探索东北地区土壤水分含量变化对春玉米光合作用、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的影响,揭示玉米苗期干旱减产的生理机制,2010年春季在东北地区中部开展分期播种与土壤水分处理试验,进行土壤湿度、玉米苗情、净光合速率(NPn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)等观测,分析它们之间的关系。结果表明,春玉米苗期叶片NPn、Tr和Gs与土壤水分变化之间分别呈二次函数关系,0~20 cm深土壤湿度在19.5%以上时,玉米叶片气孔导度大,光合作用和蒸腾作用旺盛;土壤湿度在19.0%以下,随着土壤湿度下降,NPn和Tr近于线性下降,土壤湿度每降低1个百分点,NPn和Tr分别下降1.6 μmol/(m2.s)和0.5 mol/(m2?s)。玉米叶片Tr和Gs与NPn的关系为线性函数,Gs和Tr每降低1 mol/(m2?s)和1 mmol/(m2?s),NPn分别下降0.89和3.09 μmol/(m2?s)。玉米苗在干旱胁迫下气孔关闭,蒸腾作用减弱,使光合速率快速下降,进而抑制玉米营养生长,最终导致减产。     

春小麦籽粒灌浆期沉淀值动态的定量研究

以3个不同品质类型春小麦品种为材料,在设定不 同肥力和气象条件等环境因子基础上,通过建立灌浆期籽粒沉淀值动态曲线拟合方程,定量揭示籽粒沉淀值的动态与规律。结果表明,灌浆期籽粒沉淀值随时间的变化符合一元三次多项式凸性曲线,即自开花始先增后降的单峰曲线。灌浆期籽粒沉淀值的动态,不同基因型具有不同特点。高蛋白强筋、高蛋白中筋和低蛋白弱筋品种曲线峰值分别出现在开花后28 d、23 d和30 d前后。各品种沉淀值积累速度的动态特点是成熟时沉淀值高蛋白强筋品种最高,高蛋白中筋品种次之,低蛋白弱筋品种最低的主要原因。     

Should spring wheat breeding for organically managed systems be conducted on organically managed land?

Organic spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) producers in the northern Great Plains use cultivars which have been bred for conventional management systems or heritage cultivars released before the widespread use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. To investigate the feasibility of organic wheat breeding and to determine common genetic parameters for each system, we used a random population of 79 F₆-derived recombinant inbred sister lines from a cross between the Canadian hard red spring wheat cultivar AC Barrie and the CIMMYT derived cultivar Attila. The population, including the parents, was grown on conventionally and organically managed land for 3 years. Heritability estimates differed between systems for 6 of the 14 traits measured, including spikes m⁻², plant height, test weight, 1,000 kernel weight, grain protein, and days to anthesis. Direct selection in each management system (10% selection intensity) resulted in 50% or fewer lines selected in common for nine traits, including grain yield, grain protein, spikes m⁻², and grain fill duration. The results of this study suggest that indirect selection (in conventionally managed trials) of spring wheat destined for organically managed production would not result in the advance of the best possible lines in a breeding program. This implies that breeding spring wheat specific to organic agriculture should be conducted on organically managed land.     

Differences between wheat genotypes in damage from freezing temperatures during reproductive growth

Cereal crops in the reproductive stage of growth are considerably more susceptible to injury from freezing temperatures than during their vegetative growth stage in the fall. While damage resulting from spring-freeze events has been documented, information on genotypic differences in tolerance to spring-freezes is scarce. Ninety wheat genotypes were subjected to a simulated spring-freeze at the mid-boot growth stage under controlled conditions. Spring-freeze tolerance was evaluated as the number of seeds per head at maturity after plants were frozen at −6 °C. Plants that froze, as confirmed by infrared (IR) thermography, died shortly after thawing and consequently the heads did not mature. Only in plants that had no visible freezing (super-cooled) were heads able to reach maturity and produce seeds. In plants that super-cooled four genotypes had significantly higher seed counts after being exposed to freezing than three with the lowest. In addition, significant differences between genotypes were found in whole plant survival among those that had frozen. Genotypes with high whole-plant freezing survival were not necessarily the same as the super-cooled plants with the highest seed counts. Spring-freeze tolerance was not correlated with maturity suggesting that improvement in freezing tolerance could be selected for without affecting heading date. Spring-freeze tolerance was not correlated with freezing tolerance of genotypes of plants in a vegetative state, either under non-acclimated or cold-acclimated conditions indicating that vegetative freezing tolerance is not a good predictor of spring-freeze tolerance.     

不同增温措施对西南山区春玉米产量的影响

对西南山区春玉米采用起垄直播覆膜、起垄覆膜育苗打孔移栽、起垄直播覆膜再加苗期拱棚双增温3种增温措施,研究不同增温措施对春玉米生育期、叶面积指数、干物质积累与分配及产量的影响。试验结果表明,3种增温措施使春玉米的生育时期提前,缩短生育期17～19d,提高春玉米不同生育时期叶面积指数,增加"光合源",提高干物质积累及最终向子粒库的转运(收获指数),增产幅度分别达11.48%、9.85%和14.93%,提高经济效益分别达571元/hm2、164元/hm2和256元/hm2。综合以上试验结果,西南山区春玉米生产栽培中以起垄直播覆膜为宜。     

Responses of subshrub sagebrush rangeland in North-Western China to changes in livestock numbers and rainfall over 10 years (2004–2013)

Seriphidium transiliense, or subshrub sagebrush, is one of the most important forage resources for livestock in many arid lands, but such resources have been threatened by overgrazing for a long time. A 2013 vegetation survey of an original sagebrush rangeland (2400?ha) in the Tianshan Mountains revealed that nearly half of the area once under sagebrush has been replaced by annual species. This is due to the continual and rapid increase in livestock numbers over the past 30?years. Three smaller sites with different grazing scenarios: no grazing (Site N), a decline (Site 1), and an increase (Site 2) in livestock numbers, were selected to monitor recent changes (from 2004 to 2013) in vegetation biomass and the degree of dominance by sagebrush. Supplanting happened at Site 2 but little occurred at Site 1. There were significant differences between Site 2 and Site 1 in standing biomass in Spring and Summer, but no significant differences in Summer between Site 1 and Site N. The supplanting of sagebrush marks the completion of a dynamic process – in which rainfall plays a crucial role – of damage to sagebrush from heavy grazing in drought years and its rehabilitation by light grazing in some good years. Plant biomass loss was greatest when the land was first subjected to heavy grazing. Sagebrush tends to exist as a sole-dominant species rather than a companion species in sagebrush communities. This suggests that sagebrush continued to survive in pockets where grazing pressure had declined.