Association between frost tolerance and the alleles of high molecular weight glutenin subunits present in Polish winter wheats

Subunits of high molecular weight glutenins strongly influence wheat bread making quality and can be associated with important agronomic traits. Polish winter wheats show a significant quantitative dominance of the null allele over the coding alleles of the Glu-A1 locus. To identify the causes of such skewed distribution, 116 F₅ lines obtained from six cross combinations were analyzed for their HMW glutenin subunits and 11 agronomic characteristics, such as plant height and uniformity, leaf blotch and leaf rust resistance, grain yield per plot, number of grains per ear, grain yield per ear, 1000 kernel weight, frost tolerance, total protein content and the SDS-sedimentation value. The SDS-sedimentation value, resistance to leaf blotch and frost tolerance showed statistically significant associations with the status of the Glu-A1 locus. It appears that chromosome 1A with the null allele at Glu-A1 carries a closely linked locus responsible for frost tolerance. With early strong selection for winter hardiness, the null allele of Glu-A1 becomes fixed in advanced breeding materials despite its strong negative impact on the end use quality.     

Evaluation and characterization of high-molecular weight 1D glutenin subunits from Aegilops tauschii in synthetic hexaploid wheats

The high-molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits of bread wheat are major determinants of end-use quality. The objective of this study was to determine the 1Dx and 1Dy subunits present in 43 synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) lines derived by crossing durum ‘Langdon’ to 43 Aegilops tauschii accessions. Protein samples were initially electrophoresed multiple times on SDS-PAGE gels to arrange subunits into similar groups and then were electrophoresed on urea/SDS-PAGE gels. Initial results with SDS-PAGE gels indicated that there were six 1Dx and six 1Dy subunits in these SHW lines. However, results of the urea/SDS-PAGE indicated that some of the subunit groups could be further differentiated into additional subunits. A total of eleven 1Dx and eight 1Dy subunits including the newly designated subunits 1Dx2^t-1, 1Dx2^t-2, 1Dx2^t-3, 1Dx1.5^t-1, 1Dx2.1^t-1, 1Dy10^t-1, and 1Dy12^t-1 were identified, and they composed 17 1Dx and 1Dy combinations in the SHW lines. Eight of the combinations included at least one novel subunit and hence they were novel Glu-D1 alleles. Our results indicated that urea/SDS-PAGE can be very useful in identifying new HMW glutenin subunits. Quality testing of the SHW lines will determine if any of the alleles are useful in improving wheat-baking quality.     

New insight into puroindoline function inferred from their subcellular localization in developing hard and soft near-isogenic endosperm and their relationship with polymer size of storage proteins

Wheat endosperm texture is correlated with one major locus, Ha, located on the short arm of chromosome 5D, which comprises several genes among which are two puroindoline genes, Pina and Pinb. In this study, we used two near-isogenic lines, the hard-textured line lacking Pina and the soft-textured line containing both Pina and Pinb wild-type genes. Hard and soft endosperms were observed at four kernel developmental stages, from 180 °Cd to 750 °Cd. Puroindolines were located within protein bodies at the onset of prolamin accumulation by transmission electron microscopy and immunolabelling. Ab initio modeling showed a closer structural relationship between puroindolines and 2S storage proteins from dicots than between puroindolines and other cysteine-rich wheat proteins, i.e. LTP and amylase inhibitors. Compared to the soft line, storage protein polymers in the hard line exhibited higher molecular mass (increase of from 6 to 93%) and polydispersity indices (increase of from 26 to 63%) over the course of the 4-year experiment. This suggests that puroindolines might impact the aggregation of storage proteins. Finally, these data pave the way for investigation of the role of protein–protein interactions in the texture of wheat endosperm.     

小麦胚乳蛋白遗传变异及基因多态性研究进展

小麦的品质可分为营养品质和加工品质,其中加工品质主要由小麦胚乳贮藏蛋白决定,小麦胚乳贮藏蛋白主要由麦谷蛋白和麦醇溶蛋白构成。不同小麦品种的蛋白组成、数目都存在较大的差异,小麦基因具有多态性。介绍了小麦胚乳蛋白基因多态性研究进展。这对改良我国小麦品种、提高小麦品质具有积极的指导作用,对物种基因资源的发掘与保护也具有非常重要的意义。     

杂交小麦F_1与F_2品质组配规律及高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成规律的研究初报

为了探明杂交小麦F1与F2代品质的组配规律及高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成规律,选取不同品质类型的14个亲本材料,以8种设计,按照强筋×强筋、强筋×中筋、强筋×弱筋、中筋×强筋、中筋×中筋、弱筋×强筋、弱筋×中筋、弱筋×弱筋等方式组配不同杂交组合,分别测定其中8种F2代的品质以及亲本、F1代、F2代的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成,结果表明,以优质和含有优质亚基的品种作母本对杂交小麦F2品质改良有重要作用,同时在亚基中出现了5 10亚基,其对品质有重要的影响。F1代籽粒中出现了高分子量谷蛋白亚基共显现象和不完全表达或缺失现象。经观察发现,缺失的带基本都是父本的亚基带。     

Preparation and properties of thermo-molded bioplastics of glutenin-rich fraction

The present work aims to prepare bioplastics from a glutenin-rich fraction; that is, the gluten residue insoluble in 70% (v/v) ethanol. The influence of reducing agents of sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite and thioglycolic acid on the properties of the glycerol plasticized doughs and the cross-linked bioplastics were investigated. The results showed that reducing agents can be applied to reduce the Young's modulus of the plasticized dough and to improve the Young's modulus of the cross-linked bioplastics. Moisture absorption, weight loss in water, tensile strength, elongation at break and tensile set were studied to characterize the physical properties of the cross-linked bioplastics.     

施氮时期对小麦籽粒HMW-GS积累及GMP粒度分布的影响

在225 kg hm^-2施氮水平下, 设置起身肥(SE, GS 30), 拔节肥(JT, GS 32)和孕穗肥(BT, GS 41) 3个追施氮肥处理(底追比1:1), 研究了追肥时期对强筋小麦济南17和弱筋小麦鲁麦21籽粒HMW-GS积累和GMP粒度分布的影响。结果表明, 两品种籽粒HMW-GS于花后14 d均已形成, 济南17籽粒HMW-GS和GMP含量均高于鲁麦21, 说明强筋小麦具有较强的谷蛋白积累能力。济南17成熟期籽粒HMW-GS和GMP含量以SE处理最高, 施氮时期后移其含量呈下降趋势。JT处理显著提高鲁麦21灌浆中后期HMW-GS的积累速度, 延长HMW-GS的快速积累期。济南17 SE处理和鲁麦21 JT处理的籽粒x型亚基(1、4或5、7)在灌浆中后期的积累速率显著提高。追肥时期对y型亚基的积累速率无显著影响。追氮时期后移均提高两品种籽粒GMP小颗粒的(粒径<12 μm)体积和表面积百分比, 降低大颗粒(粒径>100 μm)体积和表面积百分比。济南17粒径>12 μm的GMP颗粒数目百分比因追氮时期后移而增加, 鲁麦21粒径>12 μm的GMP颗粒数目百分比则降低。含4+12亚基的强筋小麦济南17比含5+10亚基的弱筋小麦鲁麦21偏向于更高的大颗粒体积比例, 说明亚基间的聚合和GMP颗粒的分布不仅与亚基类型有关, 而且与单位面粉中亚基的含量密切相关。     

Glu-1位点等位变异及表达量对麦谷蛋白聚合体粒度分布的影响

选用我国春播麦区23份(试验I)和北部冬麦区21份(试验II)品种(系),研究了Glu-1位点等位变异及其亚基表达量对谷蛋白聚合体粒度分布的影响。结果表明,Glu-1位点等位变异及其亚基表达量显著影响谷蛋白聚合体的粒度分布,且影响程度受蛋白质含量,尤其是高分子量谷蛋白总量水平的影响。在高分子量谷蛋白总量较低时(试验I),Glu-B1和Glu-D1位点对不溶性谷蛋白大聚体含量(UPP)及其占聚合体蛋白总量的百分比(%UPP)的加性效应都达1%显著水平;Glu-B1和Glu-D1位点单个亚基对两者的贡献分别为7^OE+8^* >7+9 >17+18 >7+8和5+10 >2+12,具有5+10亚基组合的%UPP显著高于具有2+12的亚基组合。高分子量谷蛋白的亚基表达量与UPP含量呈高度正相关,相关系数为0.79~0.93(P < 0.01)。而在高分子量谷蛋白总量较高时(试验II),仅Glu-D1位点对%UPP的加性效应达5%显著水平,5+10亚基对%UPP的贡献显著高于2+12和4+12;亚基组合间的聚合体粒度分布无显著差异。高分子量谷蛋白的亚基表达量与UPP含量的相关系数为0.42~0.86(P < 0.05或0.01)。结合高分子量谷蛋白表达量和优质亚基进行选择,能有效提高不溶性谷蛋白大聚体的含量和相对比例,有利于面筋强度和加工品质的进一步提高。     

Multiple heat and drought events affect grain yield and accumulations of high molecular weight glutenin subunits and glutenin macropolymers in wheat

Spring wheat plants were subjected to water deficit and/or high temperature episodes at spikelet initiation, anthesis or both stages. The stresses modified the early dough stage and maturity, shortened the kernel desiccation period and caused grain yield loss. Plants subjected to stress at the early growth stages had higher grain yields than the non-early-stressed plants when stress reoccurred at anthesis. Concentrations of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in grain were up-regulated by the single early drought, the early drought combined with late heat and the double drought stress treatments, but was down-regulated by the early heat and double heat stress events. Concentration of glutenin macropolymers was increased by the single early drought episode, the single late drought and heat events, as well as the early drought combined with the late heat stress, but was reduced by the early heat stress and double heat events.     

17 18亚基对黑龙江省小麦品种烘烤品质影响的初步研究

利用生化标记和选择性回交方法(5次)将17 18亚基转移到了黑龙江省主栽小麦品种克旱9、克丰3和龙麦20之中。试验结果表明：同一品种的7 8或7 9亚基类型与其相应的17 18亚基类型相比，其Zeleny沉降值与干面筋比值除龙麦20略高外，其它品种均有较大程度下降。3个品种的17 18亚基类型的面团稳定时间和最大抗延阻力与7 8或7 9亚基类型相比均有较大降低。