Assemblages of wood-inhabiting fungi related to silvicultural management intensity in beech forests in southern Germany

Current silvicultural treatments in beech forests are aimed at achieving thick logs without discoloured hardwood. Therefore intensive thinning is applied already in younger stands with the objective of large-sized trunks at an age of 100 years. However, this approach bears the risk that dead wood structures and broken trees are completely removed from the forest. The impact of three different silvicultural management intensity levels on wood-inhabiting fungi over decades was investigated in a large beech forest (>10,000 ha) in southern Germany in 69 sampling plots: A Intensive Thinning and Logging with high-value trees, B Conservation-Oriented Logging with integration of special structures such as dead wood and broken trees and C Strict Forest Reserves with no logging for 30 years. The analysis of community showed marked differences in the fungus species composition of the three treatments, independent of stand age. The relative frequencies of species between treatments were statistically different. Indicator species for naturalness were more abundant at sites with low silvicultural management intensity. Fomes fomentarius, the most common fungus in virgin forests and strict forest reserves, is almost missing in forests with high-management intensity. The species richness seemed to be lower where intensive thinning was applied (P = 0.051). Species characteristic for coarse woody debris were associated to low management intensity, whereas species with a significant preference for stumps became more frequent with increasing management intensity. A total amount of dead wood higher than 60 m³/ha was found to enable significantly higher numbers of species indicators of naturalness (P = 0.013). In conclusion, when applying intensive silvicultural treatment, the role of dead wood needs to be actively considered in order to maintain the natural biocoenosis of beech forests.     

Adaptation of herbaceous plant species in the understorey of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus brutia</Emphasis>

Most of Pinus brutia (Ten.) Holmboe forests are grazed, as silvopastoralism is well adapted in the Mediterranean environment. However, little attention has been paid to the demographic dynamic of the understorey vegetation even though it is strongly affected by the absorbed radiation. The purpose of this study was to examine the adaptation of herbaceous plant species under a Pinus brutia canopy, in Northern Greece. Monocultures of four plant groups (annual and perennial grasses, annual and perennial legumes) were sown in experimental areas of 50%, 70% and 100% light intensity. The density of annual and perennial grasses and perennial legumes were decreased by the shade cast by the Pinus brutia canopy. Population density of the annual legumes was little affected by light intensity: the annual grasses Bromus mollis L. and Lolium rigidum Gaudin; the perennial grasses Dactylis glomerata L. var. palestine, Festuca arundinacea and Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn; the perennial legume Medicago sativa L. var. romana; the annual legumes Medicago lupulina L. and all the tested varieties of Trifolium subterraneum adapted well to the 50% light intensity habitat.     

孟家岗红松母树林疏伐密度效应分析

对黑龙江省孟家岗林场40年生红松母树林300、450、600、700和1 300株/hm2(对照)疏伐处理后14个性状的进行统计分析,结果表明,疏伐处理对14个性状均产生极显著影响.除枝下高外,其余性状均值均有较大程度的提高,其中单株结实质量、树冠体积和公顷结实质量分别提高了47.79％、33.6％和28.65％.此外,不同性状之间存在极为复杂的相关性.聚类分析和主分量分析将上述性状分成3大类,分别代表了树冠、种子品质和结实性状.这3类性状在各主成分上得分值的加权和比较分析表明,孟家岗林场42年生红松母树林疏伐抚育最佳密度是450株/hm2.     

基于火强度的西山国家森林公园主要可燃物类型划分

通过外业调查和室内测定,获得西山国家森林公园主要可燃物的相关参数,输入BehavePlus模型,得到潜在火行为参数,以火强度大小为主要指标划分主要可燃物类型,结果表明:在坡度分别为25°和35°情形下,高强度火的林分为地盘松林、麻栎林和云南油杉林,中强度火的林分是华山松林和滇青冈林,低强度火的林分只有旱冬瓜林。研究结果可合理划分火险等级,实施科学的火管理。     

洞庭湖洲滩杨树人工林对钉螺孳生的影响

为探讨修枝强度、林农间种、异龄林等因素对洞庭湖洲滩钉螺孳生的影响,对拐棍洲有螺滩地杨树人工林的螺情分布进行了长期定点调查。结果表明:4年生杨树林,修枝次年林分内的活螺框出现率、活螺密度均低于修枝当年,其中1/3修枝强度次年林分活螺框出现率、活螺密度较修枝当年分别降低了68.00%和80.80%。林农间种的杨树林较翻耕不种和不耕不种的杨树林抑螺效应显著,翻耕而不间种的杨树林,活螺框出现率与不耕不种的1年生杨树林一样,但活螺密度却较不耕不种下降了47.20%。异龄林营造后,活螺密度大致呈下降趋势,营造后的第2、3、4年时活螺框出现率、活螺密度分布较营造当年下降73.33%、50.00%、77.67%和75.96%、43.94%、83.85%。林分郁闭后,全面翻垦的林分活螺框出现率、活螺密度均比不翻垦的林分低直至趋于零。除了高程(32.64m)较高的林分外,其他高程全耕不种林分内活螺框出现率、活螺密度均低于全垦间种。     

福建柏人工林不同间伐强度效应试验

通过对福建省永春大荣国有林场16年生福建柏人工林进行间伐强度效应试验,结果表明:强度间伐对胸径和单株材积生长效应最佳,弱度间伐后的蓄积量最大;不同间伐强度对树高生长、单位面积蓄积量及林分总收获量无显著影响。     

中华稻蝗卵滞育的消除及滞育强度的可逆性

主要探讨了连续温度及波动温度对中华稻蝗卵维持和消除滞育的影响.结果表明:未经低温处理的中华稻蝗卵,在20、25℃的温度条件下,62%左右的卵进入了滞育,而在30℃的温度条件下,虽然累计孵化率达74%,但孵化断断续续很不整齐;低温对中华稻蝗卵滞育的消除效果明显,消除滞育的低温处理期间需40 d以上;从低温转移到高温条件后,高温有降低中华稻蝗卵滞育强度、促进中华稻蝗卵滞育消除的作用;8、2 5℃交替温度处理,中华稻蝗卵滞育的强度出现可逆变化,这种可逆性变化,对于卵块维持滞育、抑制秋季或冬季的发育、保证越冬卵的安全越冬具有重要的适应意义.     

集对分析法在大兴安岭用材林土壤养分评价中的应用

对大兴安岭兴安落叶松用材林进行不同强度的采伐改造,采用集对分析法,对不同强度采伐后的土壤养分进行综合评价,对比采伐改造后土壤养分.结果表明：大兴安岭地区,兴安落叶松用材林中,采伐强度为19％时,土壤养分最优,低强度和高强度的采伐对土壤养分有负面影响,且采伐强度越高,土壤综合养分越差.     

Development of stump suckers by betula pubescens at different light intensities

Young trees (4–5 year old) of Betula pubescens Ehrh. growing in a stand in the middle of Sweden (lat. 60°15'N) were cut in early June to stump heights of 0 and 10 cm. The birch stumps were exposed to different relative light intensities (100, 50, 25 and 10%) for 100 days until mid September. Five stumps per treatment were used in a randomized complete block with seven blocks on mesic dwarf‐shrub type with low herbs and three blocks on moist dwarf‐shrub type. The number of sprouting stumps was correlated with relative light intensity and forest type. 2.5 % of the stumps of mesic and 14 % of moist forest type did not produce suckers. On mesic forest type, 7% of the stumps exposed to 10% light did not sprout compared with 1.4, 3.0 and 0% at 25, 50 and 100% light, respectively. At stump height 0 cm fewer sprouting stumps were produced than at 10 cm. The mean height of suckers was significantly lower at 10% light intensity than at other levels. The number of suckers per sprouting stump was not related to light intensity but to forest type. More suckers were produced on mesic than on moist forest type. The dry weight of suckers was significantly lower at 10 and 25% relative light intensity than at 50 and 100%. On moist forest type, the dry weight of suckers was lower than on mesic forest type.     

不同间伐强度对杉木人工林林分生长的影响

为探明不同间伐强度对杉木林生长的影响,以浏阳地区4种间伐强度(20%,30%,40%和50%)下的杉木人工林为对象,样地内每木标尺,连续3年测量林木胸径和树高,对比分析不同间伐强度下平均胸径和树高变化。结果表明:不同间伐强度对杉木人工林胸径连年生长量的影响差异显著,当间伐强度为40%时,可促进胸径连续性增长,并合理控制树体高度;不同间伐强度之间树高的差异均不显著。从经济效益分析,间伐强度40%的整体增长趋势较明显,具有连续性,适合当地采用。