尕海湿地植被退化过程中土壤有机碳矿化特征

为了揭示植被退化对湿地土壤碳矿化过程的影响,以甘南尕海4种不同植被退化梯度的湿地(未退化(UD)、轻度退化(LD)、中度退化(MD)及重度退化(HD))为研究对象,采用室内恒温培养和碱液吸收法研究不同土层土壤有机碳(SOC)矿化速率和累积矿化量,结合一级动力学方程,分析土壤半矿化分解时间(T1/2)、有机碳矿化潜势(C0)等参数对植被退化的响应。结果表明:(1)不同植被退化梯度湿地SOC矿化速率在培养期内呈现出基本一致的变化趋势,表现为,培养初期(0~4天)矿化速率快速下降,且数值较高,培养中后期缓慢下降(4~41天)并趋于平稳;各培养温度下,不同植被退化梯度湿地土壤在各土层有机碳矿化速率大小均为UD>LD>MD>HD。(2)在整个培养期间,各植被退化梯度湿地土壤有机碳矿化速率均随土层加深而降低,表层0-10 cm的矿化速率(1.14~16.23 mg/(g·d))均显著高于10-20 cm(1.05~2.85mg/(g·d))和20-40 cm土层(0.94~1.26 mg/(g·d))。(3)4种植被退化梯度湿地在不同温度下的土壤有机碳累积矿化量均值排序为5°C(34.54 mg/g)<15°C(46.67 mg/g)<25°C(58.28 mg/g)<35°C(86.46 mg/g)。(4)一级动力学方程的C0值随植被退化程度增加呈递减趋势,而C0/SOC随着温度的升高而降低。因此,植被退化能显著降低高寒湿地土壤有机碳矿化速率,而气候变暖能够显著增加湿地土壤有机碳矿化量。     

坑状浅沟侵蚀研究

坑状浅沟作为浅沟与切沟的中间过程，深入理解它对于进一步认识切沟侵蚀规律具有十分重要的意义，但是还没有见到相关的研究报道。以内蒙古高原的一个小流域为例。利用高精度的全球定位系统（GPS）测量坑状浅沟侵蚀的形态参数，探讨了坑状浅沟的相关特征，分析了坑状浅沟的坡度（S）和上有集水区面积（A）的关系（S—A）、侵蚀体积（V）和长度（L）的关系（V-L），以期能推动坑状浅沟侵蚀的研究。     

Behavioral intentions toward afforestation and carbon reduction by the Taiwanese public

Global warming has become a worldwide environmental issue in recent years. With implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, reducing emissions of carbon dioxide is the common goal of everyone. Afforestation and carbon reduction have become important forestry policies of the Taiwanese government. Attitudes and behavioral intentions of the domestic public towards afforestation and carbon reduction will play important roles in the effectiveness of forestry policies. In this study, the theory of planned behavior was applied to better understand the relationships among domestic public attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral controls, and behavioral intentions. Data were obtained by a mail survey. The domestic public's behavioral intention model was verified by a structural equation model. This study found that older people not only had a positive attitude towards the concept of afforestation for carbon reduction but were also willing to participate in related activities. Significant reference groups also had greater influence on these people, but for the question of whether a person had better means to participate in afforestation activities for carbon reduction, the level of monthly income emerged as the factor of main consideration. It shows that even though an overall positive attitude towards afforestation activities for carbon reduction increases people's willingness to participate, actual participation is still determined by the level of the participant's ability to control difficulties during the related activities. The policy implication of this study is that when setting into action the carbon reduction policies or programs, the Taiwanese government should take into account the claim from significant reference groups, and enhance the visibility of those groups' positive points of view towards the policies. In addition, the government should enhance the promotion of the high-income and the older people's participation in carbon reduction programs, because our results show their high intention to participate.     

水稻低碳生产研究进展

 稻田是甲烷(methane,CH4)和氧化亚氮(nitrous oxide,N2O)的重要发生源。稻田中CH4和N2O的产生、消耗以及传输过程受稻田土壤类型、水分条件、肥料种类、施肥量及方法、耕作模式和制度、水稻品种等多种因素影响。CH4和N2O具有不同的排放特性,很多研究结果表明,水稻生长期间的中期排水烤田、后期干湿交替能显著降低CH4排放量,但同时也可能促进N2O的排放,因此,如何同时减少CH4和N2O的排放量是实现稻田低碳生产的关键要素;另一方面,稻田土壤的碳固定也是使稻田系统从源转变成汇的关键技术。从水稻生产过程中CH4排放、N2O排放、稻田土壤有机碳动态、减排措施四个方面综述了近年来水稻低碳生产相关研究状况,重点总结了国内外有关影响稻田CH4和N2O排放的关键影响因素、增加稻田土壤有机质含量的主要措施以及各种减排措施的全球增温潜势评价研究,并对水稻低碳生产研究作了展望。     

白天和夜间增温对水稻光合作用的影响

用国稻6号和武运粳7号2个水稻品种进行水稻全生育期白天增温、夜间增温和全天增温试验,并于水稻灌浆初期进行光合作用参数日变化测定.结果表明:上午10:00 2个水稻品种光合速率和气孔导度均表现为全天增温处理的最高,其次为对照,再次为白天增温处理的,最低为夜间增温处理的.各处理间差异极显著(P＜0.01);武运粳7号中午12:00前后出现了光合"午休"现象.     

基于农户调查的长江中游地区双季稻生产碳足迹及其构成

目的 长江中游地区是我国双季稻主产区,系统分析双季稻生产碳足迹构成对于该地区农业的固碳减排和发展低碳农业具有重要的意义。方法 基于农业碳足迹理论及生命周期评价法,采用问卷调查方式定量研究长江中游地区双季稻生产碳足迹,分析其构成因素,解析长江中游地区双季稻生产肥料、灌溉投入以及碳足迹与水稻产量的关系。【内容】长江中游地区双季稻单位产量、单位生物量、单位产值碳足迹分别为0.67 kg/kg、0.35 kg/kg和0.27 kg/元,随着产量的增加呈现显著降低的趋势。CH₄排放、柴油、肥料为长江中游地区双季稻生产碳排放主要来源,分别占双季稻生产碳足迹的66.2%、13.1%和10.9%。早稻和晚稻生产分别有22.4%和36.7%的地块氮肥投入过量,28.4%和33.5%的地块灌溉投入过量且产量较低,存在着较大的节能减排潜力。种植规模与碳足迹呈现显著负相关关系。与小规模双季稻种植相比,大规模早稻和晚稻种植单位产量碳足迹分别降低了29.7%和37.2%。这项研究表明,作物生产的碳足迹可能受到农场规模、气候条件以及作物管理实践的影响。结论 因此,适当减少双季稻种植面积并发展水稻节肥节水及免耕技术,构建规模化的低碳种植模式必将成为未来长江流域双季稻生产应对气候变化发展低碳农业的重要举措。     

吉林省半干旱区45年气候变化及基于Hybrid-Maize的玉米品种熟期选择

本研究分析吉林省西部半干旱地区1971~2015年气候要素变化特征,用Hybrid-Maize模型估算该区域品种熟期(GDD)不同玉米品种的产量潜力。结果表明,该区域近45年温度、降水和日照时数年均变化与玉米生长季变化趋势类似,但生长季变幅与年均值变幅差异较大,且生长季时间序列上突变点明显不同,温度和降水具有滞后性,日照时数具有超前性,其中,生长季温度增幅高于全年温度增幅,但突变时间滞后10年;长期年均降水波动性大,而生长季降水较全年呈现明显上升趋势,且2010年以来生长季均为较湿润阶段。生长季日照时数减少比年均减少趋势慢,为其下降速率的40%。以4月30日为适播期,种植密度60 000株/hm~2时,乾安、洮南、前郭推荐熟期相对较长品种(GDD=1656-1672),扶余、镇赉推荐熟期相对较短品种(GDD为1606和1500)。洮南、扶余、前郭玉米R/V值接近1.0,乾安和镇赉R/V超过1.15,利于获得较高产量。     

海南水稻生育期的时空变化特征及对气候变暖的响应

基于海南6个农业气象观测站点的水稻生育期资料和1961~2014年历史气象数据,分析了海南不同地区水稻生育期的时空分布特征,以及气候变暖对海南水稻生育期的影响。结果表明,近54 a海南水稻生长季内平均气温呈上升趋势,早稻气候倾向率为0.21~0.3℃/10 a,以苗期最为明显,晚稻为0.18~0.24℃/10 a,以成熟期最为明显。不同地区水稻生育期差异较大,东部地区早于西部地区,早稻播种时间最大相差55 d,早稻收获和晚稻播种最大间隔42 d,降水和高温可能是造成这一差异的主要原因。随着气候变暖,海南大部分地区早稻生育期提前,晚稻生育期延迟,苗期和成熟期持续时间缩短,与该阶段平均气温呈负相关,但全生育期持续时间变异较大,部分站点略有延长。在未来气候变暖背景下,海南早稻播期可适当提前,晚稻播期可适当延迟,并选用耐高温和抗干旱品种,以减轻高温的不利影响。     

Effects of Autumn Warming on Energy Consumption of Diapausing Fall Webworm (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) Pupae

Since its invasion into China in 1979, the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury, has spread from Dandong city (about 40°N) in Liaoning Province to Nanjing city (about 32°N) in Jiangsu Province, and to other areas. Owing to geographic and latitudinal gradients in temperature, H. cunea will encounter temperature changes during the spreading process. In this study, we verified the hypothesis that autumn warming accelerates the energy consumption of H. cunea diapause pupae. We found that, after autumn warming, the body size and mass of diapause pupae decreased significantly and raised constant temperature accelerated carbohydrate and protein consumption in female pupae, while fluctuating temperature changes had a more pronounced effect on carbohydrate and protein consumption in male pupae. Contrary to expectations, the lipid content of diapause pupae did not decrease after autumn warming, and even increased significantly. We conclude that warming in autumn accelerates energy consumption by diapause pupae, and the autumn energy consumption of diapause pupae is dominated by carbohydrates, supplemented by protein when carbohydrates are overconsumed, while lipid use is dominated by anabolic metabolism during autumn.