干旱、半干旱区造林密度及其影响因素研究综述

通过对近年来有关造林密度的研究分析,详细阐述了造林密度与水分平衡的关系;造林密度与近自然造林的关系;造林密度与林种的关系。通过对上述影响因素的研究分析,结合干旱、半干旱地区的实际情况,给出该区域小叶锦鸡儿、胡枝子、油松、樟子松、沙地柏、油蒿等几种常见乔灌木树种造林的合理密度范围,为干旱地区造林绿化提供了理论依据。     

Estimating harvest costs and projecting quantities of logging residues for small-scale forestry in Nasushiobara,Tochigi Prefecture,Japan

We used GIS on a regional scale to estimate and compare supply potentials and costs of small-scale logging systems, a mini-forwarder and a 4-ton truck operated by private logging contractors, and manual logging and a light truck operated by individual forest own- ers, with the mechanized operational system of the Forest Owners＇ Asso- ciation. Total potential yields of timber and logging residues were esti- mated as 418,895 m3 and 254,962 m3, respectively. The economic bal- ances were estimated and available amounts were projected as supply potentials from profitable sub-compartments. As a result, available amounts of timber and logging residues were estimated at 375,466 m3 （89.9%） and 203,850 m3 （80.0%）, respectively. Because their transport expenses were lower than for other systems the most profitable sub-compartments were operated by private logging contractors who sold logging residues at a plant. The profitable sub-compartments operated by individual forest owners were few because the extracting distances were usually greater than 20 m. Raising logging residue prices from 3,000 yen·m-3 to 4,080 yen·m-3 or 6,800 yen·m-3, and establishing forest roads, which reduced some extracting distances to less than 20 m, increased the number and area of profitable sub＊compartments, and increased available amounts of logging residues.     

An integrated method for matching forest machinery and a weight-value adjustment

Proper matching of forestry machinery is important when raising mechanization levels for forestry production. In the matching process, forestry machinery needs not only expertise, but also improved methods for solving problems. I propose combination of case-based reasoning （CBR） and rule-based reasoning （RBR） by calculating the similarity of quantitative parameters of various forestry machines in an analytical and hierarchical process. I calculated the similarity of machin-ery used in forest industries to enable better selection and matching of equipment. I propose a weight-value adjusting method based on sums of squares of deviations in which the individual parameter weights were modified in the process of application. During the process of system design, I put forward a design method knowledge base and generated a dynamic web reasoning framework to integrate the processes of forest industry machinery selection and weight-value adjustment. This enables expansion of the scope of the complete system and enhancement of the reasoning efficiency. I demonstrate the validity and practicability of this method using a practical example.     

兰州百合鳞茎再生繁殖体系的建立

[目的]建立兰州百合鳞茎快繁体系,并测定丛芽与鳞茎的淀粉含量,为系统研究兰州百合鳞茎离体再生过程中淀粉的代谢奠定基础.[方法]以兰州百合鳞片为外植体,探讨不同消毒剂组合、激素与蔗糖用量对鳞茎诱导培养过程的影响.[结果]随着75％乙醇（10～30 s）与0.1％升汞消毒时间（7～10min）的延长,外植体鳞片污染数不断下降,但诱导芽数表现为先上升后下降的趋势,以75％乙醇消毒30 s＋0.1％升汞消毒10 min组合的消毒效果最好,外植体污染率和芽诱导率分别为12.33％和91.00％.使用1000倍多菌灵处理10 min后,再使用75％乙醇30 s ＋0.1％升汞7～13 min组合进行消毒,可明显降低鳞片污染率3.00％～5.00％（绝对值）.在MS＋0.03 mg/L NAA＋30.0 g/L蔗糖＋5.0 g/L琼脂培养基中添加6-BA 0.5～1.0 mg/L,可显著提高平均芽诱导数;在MS＋5.0 g/L琼脂培养基中添加30.0～60.0 g/L蔗糖,对外植体芽诱导无明显影响;培养基MS＋1.0 mg/L 6-BA＋0.03 mg/L NAA＋30.0 g/L蔗糖＋5.0 g/L琼脂是外植体芽诱导的最适培养基.MS＋0.50 mg/L 6-BA＋0.03 mg/L NAA＋30.0 g/L蔗糖＋5.0 g/L琼脂为适宜增殖培养基,芽增殖系数达最高,为3.67.在MS培养基中添加60.0～90.0 g/L蔗糖可明显促进鳞茎的形成,以添加90.0 g/L蔗糖处理的鳞茎重量最高（99.30mg）.小鳞茎的淀粉质量分数比丛芽增加62.34％.[结论]以鳞片为外植体建立的兰州百合鳞茎再生繁殖体系具有可行性;在丛芽至小鳞茎形成阶段淀粉含量明显升高,小鳞茎的形成与淀粉含量升高密切相关.     

现代化与自然共存：推进生态文明建设和构建美丽中国的基本目标

指出了从科学的角度来看,现代化与自然共存、经济建设与生物多样性和文化多样性保护共存是当今生态发展文明时代的奋斗目标,推进生态文明建设和构建美丽中国,就要围绕这些方面的要求来进行。简要地探讨了这方面的一些问题,并提出了相应的建议,供有关部门参考。     

蔗糖和B_(12)对昆明地区油橄榄扦插生根的影响

在昆明市海口林场种植的油橄榄树干较易萌芽,芽条生长快,但是由于管理粗放,插穗营养不良,扦插难生根。因此,从油橄榄喜光、耐高温且插穗营养不良的角度出发,在高温高湿条件下,针对蔗糖、B12及插床设计对油橄榄扦插生根的影响进行试验研究。结果表明,插穗经采用100 mg/l IBA+5%蔗糖+10 ml B12浸泡2 h处理生根率可达69.3%,平均不定根数可达10.9条,平均不定根长4.2 cm,根系效果指数为0.60。插床空间越小,生根效果越好。     

苹果等4种水果果实糖酸组成及风味特点研究

采用高效液相色谱法,分析和测定了4种水果果实中可溶性糖和有机酸的组成及含量,以了解水果果实各具独特风味的影响因素。结果表明,国光苹果果实糖组分以果糖为主,葡萄糖和蔗糖次之,主要有机酸是苹果酸;沙糖桔果实糖组分以蔗糖为主,以柠檬酸和苹果酸为主要有机酸;水晶梨果实中糖组分以果糖和葡萄糖为主,蔗糖含量最低,主要有机酸为苹果酸,其次为柠檬酸;巴西蕉果实中以蔗糖为主要糖分,有机酸中苹果酸含量最高,同时还含有较高的柠檬酸。果实的风味和品质是糖、酸等多种物质综合作用的结果;糖酸比是影响水果果实甜酸风味的一个重要因素,总酸含量在影响果实风味方面起着重要作用。     

β-1,3-葡聚糖及其羧甲基衍生物对海湾扇贝免疫功能的影响

2003年3月和2004年4月，新疆某养殖场和西安灞桥区某养殖场的白斑狗鱼（Esox lucius Linnaeus）相继爆发“败血症”。从具有明显症状的濒死病鱼体表病灶和内脏组织分离得到12株优势菌株，经人工感染试验表明：其中10株分离菌为致病菌。对分离菌株进行形态、培养特征、生理生化试验鉴定，认为该病原菌为杀鲑气单胞菌史氏亚种（Aeromonas salmonida subsp．smith）。血清学试验表明各分离菌株具有相同的保护性抗原。组织病理学研究表明：患病狗鱼病灶肌纤维明显肿胀断裂，肌纤维束之间出现间隙；肝胰组织严重坏死，细胞核溶解消失，细胞浆崩解；肾小管绝大部分均已坏死，细胞破裂，胞浆呈红色团块状流失于管腔。脾脏细胞大量坏死，髓质内含铁血黄素沉积。代表菌株EL0304-1药敏试验结果为：对供试24种抗菌药物中的磺胺二甲嘧啶钠、磺胺二甲嚯唑钠等不敏感；庆大霉素、卡那霉素等中度敏感；对氧氟沙星、培氟沙星、新霉素等高度敏感。     

Particle clearance and selection in three species of juvenile scallops

Juvenile scallops (<2 mm shell height) of three species (Placopecten magellanicus, Patinopecten yessoensis, Argopecten irradians) were fed mixed, unialgal cultures. Scallops were fed a total of six algal clones simultaneously and clearance rates were monitored using flow cytometric techniques. In another experiment, scallops were presented with natural assemblages of particulate matter as a food source. Data are presented on differences in clearance rates for the individual algal species as well as size-related differences of algal clones, and uptake of chlorophyll vs. non-chlorophyll cells, both within and between scallop species. Significant differences in clearance rates of individual algal species have been found within and between scallop species. Particle selection does not appear to be based upon size alone and is apparently based on other characteristics of the algae as well. The results demonstrate pre-ingestive sorting.     

Blood chemistry and organ nutrient composition in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed graded amounts of wheat starch

After feeding Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., five graded amounts of wheat starch from 0 to 310 g kg^?1, low but increased levels of glycogen in kidney, heart and gills were determined. No variations were found in proximate or glycogen compositions of muscle, whereas the liver composition reflected the diet composition. Whole-body homogenates varied in dry matter and lipid levels; the variation was according to g lipid eaten per fish. Plasma glucose levels ranged above average levels only when the starch level in the feed was higher than 220 g kg^?1. Although feed intake and thereby lipid intake increased as dietary carbohydrate increased in the present experiment, no differences in plasma concentrations of cholesterol and only small changes in triglycerides were determined. The increase in dietary carbohydrate was balanced with protein, and total plasma protein concentrations followed the decrease in feed protein content. Haematocrit, haemoglobin, mean cell volume and mean cell haemoglobin all showed significantly reduced levels as dietary starch increased, indicating a fibre effect from ‘left-over’ starch in the intestine followed by reduced absorption of divalent ions, such as iron.