起垄高度对黑果枸杞生长及生理特性的影响

为了探究低洼盐碱地的合理利用方式，以黑果枸杞为试验材料，设置不起垄（对照，H1）、起垄20 cm(H2)、起垄40 cm(H3)共3个栽培处理，研究不同起垄高度对黑果枸杞生长和抗逆生理指标的影响。结果表明：起垄处理的土壤全盐含量显著高于不起垄处理。起垄处理的植株枝长和叶面积显著高于不起垄处理；叶绿素含量除8月份外，其他时期均显著高于对照。可溶性糖含量不同时期的变化幅度较小。脯氨酸含量仅在后期大幅上升，其中H2处理显著高于对照。在8月份时起垄处理的叶片K+含量显著高于H1处理，10月份时则呈相反趋势；Na+含量则一直呈现出起垄处理显著低于对照的趋势。总的来看，起垄种植黑果枸杞更有优势，起垄处理虽增加了土壤盐分含量，但对黑果枸杞生长的影响较小，而相对降低的地下水位埋深对黑果枸杞的生长影响更大，研究结果对低洼盐碱地黑果枸杞的规范化栽培具有一定的理论指导意义。     

千年桐苗木生长规律研究

以千年桐1年生播种苗为研究对象,对其苗高、地径的生长规律和苗高、地径与气象因子的关系等进行研究。试验结果表明：Logistic方程可较好地反映1年生千年桐的苗高、地径生长规律;日平均气温是影响苗高生长的主要气象因子,气象因子与地径生长关系不大。     

基于共表达网络分析发掘调控玉米株高发育的关键ZmGRF基因

生长调控因子(growth-regulating factors,GRF)基因家族是一类植物特有的转录因子。在模式植物水稻、拟南芥中,部分GRF基因被证实是影响株高发育的核心调控因子。利用加权基因共表达网络分析方法(Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis, WGCNA),初步构建以玉米ZmGRF基因与调控株高发育的功能基因为核心的共表达网络。结果表明,有9个ZmGRF基因与已报道的调控株高发育基因具有显著的共表达关系,并呈现出网络化的共表达模式,推测这9个ZmGRF基因是调控玉米株高发育的潜在候选基因。进一步通过微共线性分析发现,9个ZmGRF候选基因中有8个基因可以形成基因对,并且所有基因对的Ka/Ks值均显著小于1,暗示调控株高发育候选ZmGRF基因功能的保守性。     

小麦株高QTL Qph.nau-5B的效应评价

株高直接影响小麦的产量潜力,也是植株抗倒伏性的重要组成部分。目前虽有大量株高相关QTL被鉴定到,但大多QTL的遗传效应仍不清楚。本研究前期利用小麦品种群体,通过关联分析鉴定到一个小麦株高主效QTL Qph.nau-5B。为了评价该QTL的效应,通过分子标记辅助选择分别构建了以南大2419、吉春1016和郑麦9023为供体亲本,中优9507为背景的3种等位变异的近等基因系,背景回复率均高于93%。在7个独立的试验环境中,所有近等基因系的株高较轮回亲本均显著降低,平均降幅为11.1 cm(10.3%)。Qph.nau-5B不同等位变异效应强弱不同,其中来源于吉春1016和郑麦9023的等位变异平均降秆效应相似(12.4 cm),显著大于南大2419的等位变异(8.6 cm),但各等位变异相对降秆效应大小受环境影响。此外,Qph.nau-5B对单株穗数、穗长、千粒重等农艺性状无明显负效应。本研究结果表明Qph.nau-5B具有重要的育种价值,可为小麦的株型分子设计育种提供基因资源。     

Allometric Estimates of Aboveground Biomass Using Cover and Height Are Improved by Increasing Specificity of Plant Functional Groups in Eastern Australian Rangelands

Plant aboveground biomass (AGB) is a useful metric to assess ecosystem functioning, and its sensitivity to changing environmental conditions provides insight into potential global change impacts. Allometric estimates of AGB using vegetation characteristics such as plant cover or height provide nondestructive biomass proxies for repeated measurements but can introduce uncertainty to estimates. We estimated the relationship between both plant cover and a cover·height index and AGB for 15 plant species from six sites to identify the most reliable approach to estimate biomass nondestructively in semiarid eastern Australian rangelands. Estimates were made by grouping species at four different levels of specificity, to test whether generic estimates were more robust than grouping species based on life history and morphological characteristics. Estimates were then tested on a 1.5-m² plot at each site for validation. In all cases, models were highly significant (P < 0.001) with adjusted R² values ranging from 0.42 to 0.96 for cover models and 0.38 to 0.98 for cover·height index models. We found the addition of height improved model fits in four groups while reducing model fits in two groups. The error around AGB estimates for cover·height index−based models ranged from −66.8 to 4% (absolute mean 35%). Cover-based models had errors between −13.4% and 53% (absolute mean 14.2%). For cover-based estimates of AGB in validation plots, grouping plants by plant functional types (PFTs) increased accuracy (absolute mean error 17.3%) compared with estimates using data from all 15 species (absolute mean of 65.2%). Overall cover was a useful surrogate to estimate AGB (with the exception of one site, accuracy ranged from −2.3% to 11.5%), while height (thought to be a surrogate for canopy characteristics) provided benefit in a few circumstances. We suggest that future research should test additional nondestructive proxies and group species based on PFTs to improve AGB estimates using allometry.     

德国黑麦草在四川的生长适应性比较

连续2年种植29个德国引进黑麦草Lolium spp.品种,以Tetragold和野生黑麦草为对照,综合评比各黑麦草品种的分蘖力、株高、植株鲜质量、抽穗期和成熟期等生长性状,筛选性状优良、在四川具有较强适应性的黑麦草品种。结果表明：Taurus、Barfort、Gemini、Fastyl 4个黑麦草品种表现出优良的综合生长性状,在四川地区适应性强,可用于引进品种推广应用研究;Licarno、Bartissimo、Alamo拔节速度快,抽穗前植株较高,Tosca、Zarastro、Remy分蘖力强,Lolita植株鲜质量产量高,Defo、Prestyl、Pomerol花期迟,生育期、供草期长,可作为选育当家品种的远缘优良亲本材料。     

不同刈割高度对多花黑麦草产量和品质的影响

多花黑麦草Lolium multifolium具有很强的再生性和耐刈性,为了确定最佳的刈割利用方式,在有限的耕地中获得较高的产量和效益,采用小区试验的方法,研究了不同刈割高度对多花黑麦草特高和杰威产草量和品质的影响.结果表明:刈割高度对多花黑麦草鲜草产量、干物质产量、品质和生长特性有较大影响,随刈割高度的增加,年产草量增加,生长强度增加,再生速度减慢,粗蛋白含量下降.75 cm刈割平均鲜草产量和干物质产量分别为70 451.9和9 634.8 kg/hm2,比30 cm高刈割平均增产40.97%和58.9%.75 cm高刈割平均生长速度最慢,但生长强度最大,干物质积累速度最高,平均达到43.54 kg/(hm2*d).特高和杰威品种间产量和品质差异不显著.     

Influence of Equine Conformation on Rider Oscillation and Evaluation of Horses for Therapeutic Riding

To obtain basic knowledge about selecting horses for therapeutic riding, the influence of equine conformation on rider oscillation and relationships between these factors and the evaluation on horses as the therapeutic riding were studied. Thirty-five riding horses were used. Equine conformation was estimated by 24 indices. Rider oscillation was measured by an accelerometer fixed at the rider’s waist. The spatial position of the oscillation was estimated by a double integration of the acceleration. Horses were evaluated for therapeutic riding by a Riding for the Disabled Association instructor as a rider. Evaluations were on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest score for 27 items. Horses were classified into 4 groups: the short and narrow (SN), short and wide (SW), tall and narrow (TN), and tall and wide (TW). The frequencies of rider oscillation both at walk and trot were higher (P<0.01), and the vertical (P<0.01) and longitudinal (P<0.05) amplitudes at trot were smaller, on short horses than on tall horses. The vertical amplitude at walk was smaller (P<0.05) and the lateral amplitude at trot was larger (P<0.01) on wide horses than on narrow horses. Short horses could be used for the rider who requires side walkers. Wide horses could be used for relieving muscular tension and for the rider who could not maintain good balance on the horse. Short and wide horses should be suitable for therapeutic riding.     

Relationship between inbreeding coefficients and plant height of 1-year-old seedlings in crosses among Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) cultivars/selections

Plant height, a vigor trait, in 1-year-old seedlings made from Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) cultivars/selections was measured using 994 individuals from 29 families. The family mean of plant height was negatively correlated (r = −0.72**) to the inbreeding coefficients (F). The regression of the family mean (Fm) on the F value (Fm = 130 − 104F) showed that inbreeding depressions were 8%, 20%, and 40% for F = 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5, respectively. According to the regression, the family mean at F = 0 was estimated at 130 cm. These results showed that the vigor was greatly influenced by inbreeding in Japanese pear. Within-family variances, the genetic segregation of offspring in a family, differed according to family. The proportions of offspring with plant height above 130 cm (estimated Fm for F = 0) were extremely low, i.e., 0–17% for 0.5 ≤ F < 0.60 and 0–8% for F = 0.75.