基于RAG1基因的中国近海13种石首鱼科鱼类系统进化关系

为探讨中国近海石首鱼类的系统进化关系,通过PCR扩增和序列测定,获得了石首鱼类9属13个种类的RAG1基因序列。对序列变异进行分析,基于Kimura双参数法计算属间和种间的遗传距离,并结合GenBank中的同源序列,以攀鲈为外群构建分子系统进化树。将所得的分子数据与形态学分类进行比较,推论如下:(1) 中国近海石首鱼类分为两个类群。(2) 叫姑鱼亚科与石首鱼亚科以极高的置信度(90%)聚类,并处于系统进化树的基部,支持了形态学上二者是原始种类的分类观点。(3) 分子系统树显示黄姑鱼属比银姑鱼属更为原始,但二者在形态分类上归为一个亚科的观点有待进一步商榷。(4) 支持尖头黄鳍牙鱼或与银牙鱼或置于同一牙鱼或亚科的不同属的观点。(5) 支持了形态学上黄鱼亚科分化最晚的结论。     

Addressing climate change in the forest vegetation simulator to assess impacts on landscape forest dynamics

To simulate stand-level impacts of climate change, predictors in the widely used Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) were adjusted to account for expected climate effects. This was accomplished by: (1) adding functions that link mortality and regeneration of species to climate variables expressing climatic suitability, (2) constructing a function linking site index to climate and using it to modify growth rates, and (3) adding functions accounting for changing growth rates due to climate-induced genetic responses. For three climatically diverse landscapes, simulations were used to explore the change in species composition and tree growth that should accompany climate change during the 21st century. The simulations illustrated the changes in forest composition that could accompany climate change. Projections were the most sensitive to mortality, as the loss of trees of a dominant species heavily influenced stand dynamics. While additional work is needed on fundamental plant–climate relationships, this work incorporates climatic effects into FVS to produce a new model called Climate–FVS. This model provides for managers a tool that allows climate change impacts to be incorporated in forest plans.     

新型COS标记技术及其在梨属植物分子系统关系研究中的应用前景

摘要：植物系统关系的研究以DNA序列比较分析应用最为广泛;目前,DNA序列分析的发展趋势由常用DNA片段（cpDNA, nrDNA）向低拷贝核基因（Low-copy nuclear gene, LCNG）分析发展,COS（Conserved Ortholog Set）标记就属于这一类低拷贝核基因,本文对新型COS标记的特点、COS标记的开发和应用进行综述,同时探讨其在梨属植物系统关系研究中的应用前景,从而为解决梨属植物的系统演化问题提供一种新的手段.     

Can landscape indices predict ecological processes consistently?

The ecological interpretation of landscape patterns is one of the major objectives in landscape ecology. Both landscape patterns and ecological processes need to be quantified before statistical relationships between these variables can be examined. Landscape indices provide quantitative information about landscape pattern. Response variables or process rates quantify the outcome of ecological processes (e.g., dispersal success for landscape connectivity or Morisita's index for the spatial distribution of individuals). While the principal potential of this approach has been demonstrated in several studies, the robustness of the statistical relationships against variations in landscape structure or against variations of the ecological process itself has never been explicitly investigated. This paper investigates the consistency of correlations between a set of landscape indices (calculated with Fragstats) and three response variables from a simulated dispersal process across heterogeneous landscapes (cell immigration, dispersal success and search time) against variation in three experimental treatments (control variables): habitat amount, habitat fragmentation and dispersal behavior. I found strong correlations between some landscape indices and all three response variables. However, 68% of the statistical relationships were highly inconsistent and sometimes ambiguous for different landscape structures and for differences in dispersal behavior. Correlations between one landscape index and one response variable could range from highly positive to highly negative when derived from different spatial patterns. I furthermore compared correlation coefficients obtained from artificially generated (neutral) landscape models with those obtained from Landsat TM images. Both landscape representations produced equally strong and weak statistical relationships between landscape indices and response variables. This result supports the use of neutral landscape models in theoretical analyses of pattern-process relationships.     

Synthesis and in vitro antifungal activity of 1-amino-3,4-dialkylnaphthalene-2-carbonitriles and their analogues

Twenty-four 3- and/or 4-alkyl-substituted 1-aminonaphthalene-2-carbonitriles and their analogues were prepared and evaluated for growth-inhibiting activity against four phytopathogenic fungi: Fusarium culmorum, Alternaria brassicicola, Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum. The results obtained were compared with the activity of a commercial fungicide. The highest fungistatic activity was revealed by amino nitriles having hydrogen atoms or only one short alkyl group (CH3, C2H5) at the 3- or 4-position of the naphthalene system. The minimum values of calculated EC50 and EC95 indexes were 1.1 and 5.1 mg litre-1, respectively. These values were considerably lower than those for the reference fungicide.     

定量免疫电泳技术对黄牛品种间遗传差异的研究

本文用定量免疫电泳技术对4个黄牛品种间的遗传差异作了免疫遗传学研究。结果表明,所研究的4个品种间的遗传相似度分别为:文山牛—昭通牛为0.922,文山牛—黑白花牛为0.917,文山牛—莫瑞灰牛为0.742,昭通牛—黑白花牛为0.795,昭通牛—莫瑞灰牛为0.603,黑白花牛—莫瑞灰牛为0.818基于上述遗传相似度,本文还作了4个品种亲缘关系的聚类分析。     

The Predatory Function of Three Spiders to Two Insect Pests in Rice Within a Multi-species Co-existence System

The prey-seeking behavior of three spiders (X1-Pirata subpiraticus, X2-Clubiona japonicola and X3-Tetragnatha japonica ) for brown plant hopper (X4-Nilaparvata lugens ) and rice spittle bug (Xs-Callitettix versicolor) was investigated, as well as how interference between and within species occurred, by using a quadratic regression rotational composite design. Six predation models derived from the analysis of interactions among and within predators and preys were developed. The total predatory capacity of spiders on rice insect pests after coexistence for one day can be expressed as follows: Y3 = 32. 795 + 2.25X1 + 1.083X2 + 0.5X3 + 10.167X4 + 3.167X5 - 1.67X12 - 2.42X22 - 3. 295X32 - 0. 045X42 + 0. 455X52 - 3. 125X1X2 + 0.375X1X3-0.625X1X4 - 0.375X1X5 + 0.375X2X3 - 0.875X2X4 + 0.125X2X5 + 0.375X3X4 - 0.375X3X5 + 0.125X4X5. The principal efficiency analysis using this model indicated that increases in insect pest density significantly increased predation by predators; this was much greater than the effect of any single predator. X4 had a greater effect than X5; however, X4 and X5 demonstrated little interspecific interference and even promoted each other and increased predation rates as the densities of the two pests increased. Among the three predators, an increase in the density of X1 had the greatest effect on the increase in predation, X3 had the second, X2 the third greatest effect. As predator density increased inter- and intra-species interference occurred, which were largely related to the size, activity, niche breadth, niche overlap and searching efficiency of the predators. X2 produced the greatest interference between different individuals and between any other predator species. X3 had the second greatest, which reduced predation levels at high predator densities. Because of these factors, the highest predation rate was obtained at a prey density of 120 per 4 rice-hills. The optimal proportion of the three predators in the multi-predator prey system was X1: X2: X3= 5.6:1.3: 4.1.     

用微卫星(MS)标记分析稻瘟病菌的有性生殖和遗传多样性

 用2对稻瘟病菌的两性能育菌株(交配型1.1和交配型1.2)测定中国9省、市89个稻瘟病菌株及由法国国际农艺研究和发展中心(CIRAD)提供作对照的巴西(BR)、喀麦隆(CM)、马达加斯加(MD)、马里(ML)、菲律宾(PH)、泰国(TH) 6国7个菌株的交配型。用微卫星分子标记分析了这些菌株的遗传多样性及其亲缘关系,并对其在稻瘟病菌的群体遗传的应用前景进行了讨论。