The pyrethrins and related compounds. Part XLII:Structure–activity relationships in fluoro-olefin non-ester pyrethroids

A series of compounds containing fluorine atoms in place of hydrogen in olefinic non-ester pyrethroids has been synthesised using a route based on novel intermediates, ie 2-fluoroallyl acetates, which are coupled with aryl Grignard reagents, and tested against several insect species. In most cases, after introduction of fluorine at the olefinic position, the activity remains high in both the 1-aryl-1-(3-arylprop-2-enyl)cyclopropane and the (1-aryl-4-arylbut-2-enyl)cyclopropane series. In particular, the former series have potential as soil insecticides, because in tests against Diabrotica balteata, activities were high, and dose-transferability factors were increased by the introduction of fluorine. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Genetic diversity in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) germplasm from Pakistan as determined by RAPDs

The genetic diversity and the relationships among a collection of mustard (B. juncea) germplasm, including 41 accessions collected from Pakistan, 6 oilseed cultivars/ lines and 5 Japanese vegetable cultivars, were evaluated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. A total of 198 polymorphic amplified products were obtained from 30 decamer primers. Of these, 14 were unique to the accession PAK-85835 and 37 were specific to PAK-85839. Based on pair-wise comparisons of RAPD amplification products, genetic similarity was estimated using similarity coefficients of Nei & Li (1979) and a dendrogram was constructed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA). Cluster analysis based on these genetic similarities placed most of the collected germplasm and oilseed cultivars/lines close to each other, showing a low level of polymorphism between the oilseed accessions collected in Pakistan. However, the clusters formed by the oilseed collections and cultivars were distinct from those formed by the vegetable cultivars. A low level of genetic variability of oilseed mustard in Pakistan was attributed to the selection for similar traits and horticultural uses. The farmers' preference for more remunerative crops and perhaps the close parentage of these accessions further contributed towards their little diversity. The study demonstrated that the RAPD is a simple and fast technique to compare the genetic relationships and the patterns of variation among accessions of this crop. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Analysis of DNA relationships among Aeromonas species by RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) typing

Genetic differences between a collection of aeromonads were studied in two laboratories by analysis of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). A single randomly designed primer, generated reproducible profiles of genomic DNA in both laboratories for Aeromonas salmonicida subspecies salmonicida, although the profiles differed between laboratories. Analysis of atypical strains of A. salmonicida and isolates of the A. hydrophila group produced scattered profiles in both laboratories. The uniform fingerprints produced for A. salmonicida subspecies salmonicida indicate genomic homogeneity. The scattered RAPD profiles of the motile aeromonads demonstrate the genomic diversity of this group. A group of unspeciated motile aeromonads gave uniform fingerprints, suggesting the possibility of a genomically homogeneous species. Although the RAPD technique is susceptible to the effects of minor technical variations, this study has demonstrated that where there is DNA similarity, it can be recognized, and where there is diversity, differentiation can be made. RAPD promises to be useful in epidemiological studies for rapid identification of bacteria where a source of reference DNA is available and may be useful in preliminary investigations of relatedness within groups.     

Impacts of changing spatial scales on CPUE–factor relationships of Ommastrephes bartramii in the northwest Pacific

The selection of spatial scales is of particular importance in modeling relationships between fishery abundance and its influencing factors, because these relationships are significantly affected by spatial scale. Here, we explore the spatial scale effects of catch per unit effort (CPUE)–factor relationships for Ommastrephes bartramii in the northwest Pacific. The original commercial fishery data and oceanographic factors were tessellated to 12 spatial scales from 5′ to 60′ with an interval of 5′. Under the original scale and 12 tessellated scales, we constructed the generalized additive models (GAMs) to model the relationships between the O. bartramii CPUE and the influencing factors, including Year, Month, Latitude (Lat), Longitude (Lon), sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) concentration, and sea surface height (SSH). Our multi‐scale analysis showed that the relationships are sensitive to spatial scales. Among the factors, Year, Month, and SSS share quadratic polynomial scaling relations; Lat, SST, and Chl‐a illustrate power law scaling relations; Lon has a linear scaling relation; and SSH presents an exponential scaling relation. Considering the scale sensitivity of the factor sort‐order and the accumulation of explained residual deviance in GAM, we suggest 30′–45′ as the optimal range of spatial scales for analyzing the CPUE–factor relationships for O. bartramii. Our research improves understanding of the impacts of changing scales in fisheries and provides a potential method for the selection of a suitable spatial scale for fisheries analysis and resource surveying.     

Structure and stability in exploited marine fish communities: quantifying critical transitions

Correlations between time series of the abundance of predator and prey fish species in heavily exploited western North Atlantic marine fisheries vary temporally but are generally positive in southern, warmer waters and negative in northern, colder ones. The correlations provide an index of trophic structure and dynamics. We construct a framework to quantify critical thresholds between states in which the predator–prey correlations are positive or negative. We do so by developing a quantitative model of the distribution of the correlations between predator (15 species) and prey (8 species) functional groups based on the annual predator depletion rates and bottom temperatures (or alternatively species richness). The model accounts for 58% of the variance of the correlations with a root mean square error of 0.3. This index of trophic structure indicates that warmer, species-rich, southern fish populations resist transformation from positive to negative predator–prey correlations at exploitation rates that can be double those in the colder, relatively species-poor, northern areas. The model can be used to set limits for exploitation rates that preserve the functional relationships between predator–prey groups in emerging fisheries, and to assess the potential for and measures required to achieve recovery of degraded fish communities.     

Value-added sampling for fishery independent surveys: Don’t stop after you’re done counting and measuring

Most fishery independent surveys count, weigh, and measure the majority of species caught. Many surveys also collect selected body structures for in-lab age determinations for selected species. We provide examples from the Northeast Fisheries Science Center's (NEFSC) bottom trawl survey that detail the development of at-sea sampling to elucidate age, growth, maturity, fecundity, spawning season, stomach contents, diet composition, condition, habitat types and prey preferences, basic oceanography (or limnology), and bioenergetics for a suite of diverse species. We show how the development of new methodologies and technologies has decreased both deck-time and time in the lab for processing many of the samples required to provide information on the topics listed above. As new technologies develop to make our trawl catch processing more efficient, we assert that we can notably increase the amount of information collected from trawl surveys with little additional effort. We show that with marginally additional catch processing time on the deck, at-sea sampling can provide a significant return on the knowledge of aquatic and marine resource species, non-resource species, habitats, food webs, and the ecosystems within which they occur. As observing systems continue to expand their remit to provide ecosystem management advice, the need for increased efficiencies on fisheries surveys will remain.     

8个云南主要栽培梨品种亲缘关系的ISSR分析

[目的]探索利用简单序列重复间区（ISSR）分子标记研究供试栽培梨品种的分类和系统发育。[方法]利用ISSR分子标记技术对8种云南主要栽培梨品种的亲缘关系进行分析。[结果]ISSR—PCR反应体系优化结果表明,20μl ISSR．PCR反应体系中各因素的最佳浓度分别为：1×PCR buffer、100μmol／L dNTP、0．3μmol／L引物、20ng的模板DNA和1．5U Taq DNA聚合酶,并在此基础上建立了梨ISSR—PCR反应体系。从24个引物中筛选出9个能扩增出清晰带并具多态性的引物,共扩增出了135条DNA片段,其中102个DNA片段呈现多态性,占总扩增片段的75．5％。利用NTSYS—pc2．10t软件计算8种梨品种间的Jaccard遗传相似系数。结果显示梨品种间的相似性系数为0．186～0．750,平均遗传相似性系数为0．476。UPGMA聚类分析表明,8种梨品种可以聚为2类：第一类群包括日本水晶梨、早95-2、四川火把和西子绿;第二类群由早酥、金花、旱黄酥和砀山梨4个品种组成,这与传统分类结果一致。[结论]该研究为梨资源的开发利用及新品种的选育提供科学依据。     

Study of Structure–Activity Relationships of the Marine Alkaloid Fascaplysin and Its Derivatives as Potent Anticancer Agents

Marine alkaloid fascaplysin and its derivatives are known to exhibit promising anticancer properties in vitro and in vivo. However, toxicity of these molecules to non-cancer cells was identified as a main limitation for their clinical use. Here, for the very first time, we synthesized a library of fascaplysin derivatives covering all possible substituent introduction sites, i.e., cycles A, C and E of the 12H-pyrido[1-2-a:3,4-b’]diindole system. Their selectivity towards human prostate cancer versus non-cancer cells, as well as the effects on cellular metabolism, membrane integrity, cell cycle progression, apoptosis induction and their ability to intercalate into DNA were investigated. A pronounced selectivity for cancer cells was observed for the family of di- and trisubstituted halogen derivatives (modification of cycles A and E), while a modification of cycle C resulted in a stronger activity in therapy-resistant PC-3 cells. Among others, 3,10-dibromofascaplysin exhibited the highest selectivity, presumably due to the cytostatic effects executed via the targeting of cellular metabolism. Moreover, an introduction of radical substituents at C-9, C-10 or C-10 plus C-3 resulted in a notable reduction in DNA intercalating activity and improved selectivity. Taken together, our research contributes to understanding the structure–activity relationships of fascaplysin alkaloids and defines further directions of the structural optimization.     

森林植物的异株克生及在林业生产中的应用

植物的异株克生是一种生物之间的化学关系。本文综述了植物异株克生的概念和在林业生产中的植物异株克生现象,为植物间的生化关系在林业生产中的应用提供参考。