羧甲基纤维素钠-改性膨润土复合凝胶的制备及缓释性能

采用羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)凝胶加入改性膨润土的方法制备缓释肥料,考察CMC、膨润土和尿素质量浓度及交联剂浓度对羧甲基纤维素钠-改性膨润土复合凝胶缓释效果的影响,并利用扫描电镜进行表征。结果表明,在凝胶中加入膨润土有效的延长了尿素释放时间,质量浓度30g/L的CMC、25g/L的膨润土、50g/L的尿素及0.10mol/L交联剂制得的复合凝胶缓释效果最佳,释放80%的尿素需要20d;利用扫描电镜,可以观察到在缓释颗粒表面存在孔洞,整个释放过程中缓释颗粒的整体结构依然存在,说明颗粒有一定缓释能力。     

改性填料强化组合MBR处理印染废水的效果研究

以改性填料作为填料组成的膜生物反应器处理某印染废水,考察了系统对污染物去除效果及减缓膜污染方面的作用。结果表明,反应器对COD和NH3-N均有着较高的去除效果,当进出水COD浓度分别为436～1 722 mg/L、43～79 mg/L,进出水NH3-N浓度分别为160～245 mg/L、6.6～16.8 mg/L时,COD、NH3-N的去除率分别为88.99%～96.93%9、0.69%～95.94%。其出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)二级标准。抽吸时间20 min时的膜过滤阻力上升较快,而抽吸时间15 min能较好地维持膜通量,保持膜过滤性能的稳定。在膜通量为11.2 L/(m2.h)情况下,透膜压差随运行时间的递增而呈现缓慢上升的趋势,改性填料对减轻膜污染的贡献明显;ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)比值与SOUR的变化趋势基本保持一致,该系统内生物膜含有较高的挥发性有机成分,具有较高的活性。改性填料的投加有效地减轻了膜污染,大大延长了膜清洗的工作周期。     

改性淀粉/聚乙烯醇复合膜的制备与性能研究

[目的]探索改性淀粉/聚乙烯醇(PVA)复合膜的制备与性能。[方法]以玉米淀粉为原料,通过机械力与柠檬酸、甘油的双改性制备成双改性热塑性玉米淀粉,利用双改性热塑性玉米淀粉与PVA复合成膜,制备成可生物降解的塑料薄膜,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)和差示扫描量热(DSC)对复合膜的结晶性和热稳定性进行研究。[结果]与原淀粉/PVA复合膜以及单改性淀粉/PVA复合膜相比,双改性淀粉/PVA复合膜的结晶度有所降低,其相容性、力学性能、耐水性和热稳定性均有明显提高。室外土壤掩埋30 d后取代度为0.26的双改性热塑性淀粉/PVA复合膜的降解率约为43%,属于环境友好型材料,可用作可生物降解塑料膜。[结论]该材料的制备具有制造工艺简单、能耗低等优点。     

转基因作物的生态风险性分析

本文从转基因作物对农业生态系统中生物多样性和土壤生物群落的影响、转基因作物的遗传污染、转基因作物对靶标昆虫抗性及对非靶标生物的影响等5个方面。分析了转基因作物的生态风险。     

吸附法除磷研究进展

磷是造成水体富营养化的重要因子,也是废水处理领域较难解决的问题之一,环境矿物质对磷具有优越的吸附性能,而且储量丰富、成本低廉,在废水处理领域有广阔的应用前景。就环境矿物质对磷吸附研究的现状和发展进行了分析和介绍。     

Against the neoliberal steamroller? The Biosafety Protocol and the social regulation of agricultural biotechnologies

Through a discursive and organizational analysis we seek to understand the Biosafety Protocol and the place of socioeconomic regulation of agricultural biotechnology in it. The literature on the Protocol has been fairly extensive, but little of it has explored debates over socioeconomic regulation during the negotiation process or the regulatory requirements specified in the final document. This case is especially important at a time when the spread of neoliberalism is increasingly associated with deregulation, because it sheds light on the conditions under which circumvention of the market is deemed legitimate and socio-economic regulation of agricultural technology is possible. Daniel Lee Kleinman is a professor in the Department of Rural Sociology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where he is also affiliated with the Holtz Center for Science and Technology Studies and the Integrated Liberal Studies Program. He is the author and editor of a number of books, including Impure Cultures: University Biology and the World of Commerce (2003). Abby J. Kinchy is a PhD candidate in the Departments of Sociology and Rural Sociology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Her current research examines the controversies surrounding the genetic “contamination” of Mexican maize and Canadian canola.     

Effect of dietary betaine levels on growth performance and hepatic intermediary metabolism of GIFT strain of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus reared in freshwater

An 8‐week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary betaine levels on the growth performance and hepatic intermediary metabolism of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) strain of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (mean initial body weight: 78.3 ± 1.3 g, means ± SD). Six practical diets were formulated with the incorporation of betaine at the levels of 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 g kg⁻¹. Survival showed no significant differences among the treatments (P > 0.05). The highest and lowest weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were observed for fish fed the diets containing 5 and 0 g kg⁻¹ (control) betaine, respectively. Feed intake showed similar trend with WG and SGR. In contrast, feed conversion ratio was the lowest when dietary betaine level was 5 g kg⁻¹. In general, dietary betaine supplementation showed no significant effect on hepatic composition of tilapia. Condition factor and viscerosomatic index tended to increase with increasing dietary betaine levels from 0 to 5 g kg⁻¹ and then decline when dietary betaine levels further increased from 5 to 25 g kg⁻¹. In contrast, hepatosomatic index declined with increasing dietary betaine levels (P < 0.05). Dietary betaine levels significantly influenced several hepatic enzymatic activities, including succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase, suggesting that dietary betaine addition had significant effects on nutrient metabolism in the liver. Based on the second‐order polynomial regression analysis of WG, 12.5 g kg⁻¹ of dietary betaine level seemed optimal for genetically improved farmed tilapia strain of O. niloticus.     

多品种（系）试验中简化广义格子设计的探讨

根据多品种（系）田间试验的特点，在Ｐａｔｔｅｒｓｏｎ等广义格子设计基础上提出简化广义格子设计（简称ＳＧＬ设计）。ＳＧＬ设计基于格子设计的正交性原理，对于可用区组容量整除的任何供试品种数、２－４次重复，均可构成不完全区组设计。且构成方法简便，设计效率因子高，具有可解析性，连通性，ＳＧＬ设计的参数采用修饰极大似然法估计。     

Preharvest and postharvest factors related to off-odours of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce

The influence of different preharvest and postharvest factors affecting off-odour development of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce in low-O₂ modified atmospheres (MA) was investigated. Fresh-cut iceberg lettuce developed undesirable off-odours under low O₂ and elevated CO₂ atmospheres. A strong relationship between CO₂ concentration and off-odour development was observed. Significant differences in off-odour development existed among different cultivars in two harvests in consecutive years. The influence of maturity stage was evaluated, comparing fresh-cut product from immature and over-mature heads with commercial ones. Higher CO₂ concentrations and higher accumulation of ethanol and acetaldehyde were detected in the headspace of MA-packed lettuce from immature heads. Differences in respiration rate of the fresh-cut product from heads cultivated during the winter–spring seasons were around 30%. Respiration rate of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce increased when medium temperature during cultivation increased. Changes in the product weight generated different CO₂ levels which correlated with the production of ethanol and acetaldehyde and other off-odour metabolites related with the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway such as hexanal, 1-hexanol, and cis-3-hexen-1-ol. Volatile compounds such as cis-3-hexen-1-ol, β-elemene, ethyl acetate and dimethyl sulphide increased their content more than 10 times compared with other volatiles. Moreover, differences in the initial flushed gas-mixture with or without CO₂ showed higher CO₂ concentrations and the development of stronger off-odours when samples were flushed with an enriched CO₂ gas-mixture. In summary, visual quality of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce is important but so are odour and flavour. MAP currently used for fresh-cut lettuce may need some modification to inhibit off-odours and achieve better aroma and flavour qualities for preserving “freshness” of the cut product. Screening for cultivars with low browning potential and fermentation, harvested at optimum maturity stage and with an adequate package design are recommended.     

硅胶表面霉酚酸分子印迹聚合物的合成及应用

【目的】合成一种对霉酚酸具有特异性识别的分子印迹聚合物吸附材料,用于青贮饲料中霉酚酸的净化、富集和分析检测。【方法】以γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(γ-MPS)改性的硅胶为载体、霉酚酸酯为虚拟模板,合成硅胶表面接枝分子印迹聚合物,采用扫描电镜对制备材料进行表征,通过平衡吸附试验评价材料吸附特性。建立基于合成的分子印迹聚合物固相萃取-高效液相色谱(High performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)法检测青贮饲料中霉酚酸。【结果】改性硅胶表面成功包裹一层印迹聚合物。静态吸附试验表明,印迹材料饱和吸附量为4.5 mg/g;动态吸附试验表明,该材料吸附速率快,60 min内即达到吸附平衡。基于该印迹材料作为固相萃取吸附剂建立了HPLC法,霉酚酸的回收率为76.0%～81.2%,相对标准偏差小于7%,检测限达60μg/kg。【结论】制备的硅胶表面霉酚酸分子印迹聚合物可特异性吸附霉酚酸,建立的分子印迹聚合物固相萃取–HPLC法可用于日常青贮饲料中霉酚酸的分析测定,了解青贮饲料被霉菌毒素污染的状况。研究结果可为青贮饲料的质量安全控制提供指导。