土壤有机质光谱响应特性研究

土壤有机质光谱响应特性研究是光学遥感定量化的基础性研究.研究利用VF991地物光谱测量仪对八个不同环境条件下形成的土壤样本剖面上的各个土层进行光谱测量,得到各个土层的反射率光谱曲线,并测出各个土层的有机质含量.通过研究土壤的有机质含量与土壤反射光谱间的相关性分析,发现有机质含量与土壤光谱在紫外区的376.795nm波段、可见光区的616.506nm波段和近红外区的724.0975nm波段附近有较好的负相关性     

黄土高原典型土壤有机氮矿化过程中非交换性铵态氮的变化

以黄土高原从北向南不同地区典型土壤类为对象，采用Bramner淹水培养法，研究黄土高原不同生境条件下土壤有机氮矿化过程中非交换性铵态氮的变化。结果表明：土壤非交换性NH4^＋ -N随Bremner法淹水培养时间延长，含量增加。不同土壤类型在培养20d时非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量存在显著差异（p=0．0229），而培养40d和60d时差异不显著（P分别为0．1379和0．1159）。培养期间非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量均表现为以土垫旱耕人为土最大，其次是黄土正常新成土，简育干润均腐土和干湿砂质新成土较小；添加有机物料极显著影响培养期间的非交换性NH4^＋ -N增加量（培养20d、40d和60d时P分别为0．0002，0．004和0．0003），表现为紫花苜蓿和长芒草土壤非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量均极显著高于不添加有机物料的对照土壤；在培养20d、40d和60d时，加（NH4）2SO4土样非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量显著大于不加（NH4）2SO4土样（户分别为0．0037，0．0033和0．0027），这是土壤对（NH4）2SO4中NH4^＋ -N固定的必然结果；不同植被类型土壤培养20d时的非交换性NH4^＋ -N增加量差异显著（P=0．0434），培养40d和60d时差异不显著（p分别为0．7378和0．5375）；长期秸秆和氮肥配施土壤非交换性NH4^＋ -N增加量大于不施肥对照土壤，但差异不显著土壤黏粒、全氮和有机质与培养0d、20d、40d和60d时土壤的非交换性NH4^＋ -N含量均呈极显著正相关；而非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量与粘粒无相关性，但与全氛和有机质呈显著正相关。     

Genetic characterization of a collection of chayote, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sechium edule</Emphasis> (Jacq.) Swartz,in Costa Rica by using isozyme markers

We established protocols for the analysis of genetic diversity in chayote (Sechium edule) by using isozyme markers, thereby determining the level of genetic diversity present in 42 accessions of chayote from Costa Rica. We obtained clear and reproducible zymograms for eight enzyme staining systems: PGM, 6-PGD, PGI, IDH, MDH, SOD, SKD, and EST, and were able to score 14 putative loci. Eight of the 14 loci examined were polymorphic. We found 35 distinct multilocus genotypes among these accessions. Five of these multilocus genotypes were homozygous for all loci. In addition, our data also revealed that most of the multilocus genotypes (24) were heterozygous for only one of the eight loci, and the rest were heterozygous for two or three loci (9 and 4 accessions, respectively). Seven multilocus genotypes were found in two different accessions. Dice similarity coefficient was used to study the relationship between accessions. This analysis, based on the presence and absence of alleles, revealed that accessions collected in the same location seldom shared the same multilocus genotype. The value of isozyme polymorphisms as tools to continue studies on the characterization of chayote is discussed.     

Influence of non-cellulose structural carbohydrate composition on plant material decomposition in soil

The C mineralisation pattern during the early stage of decomposition of plant materials is largely determined by their content of different carbohydrates. This study investigated whether detailed plant analysis could provide a better prediction of C mineralisation during decomposition than proximate analysis [neutral detergent solution (NDF)/acid detergent solution (ADF)]. The detailed analysis included sugars, fructans, starch, pectin, cellulose, lignin and organic N. To determine whether differences in decomposition rate were related to differences in hemicellulose composition, the analysis particularly emphasised the concentrations of arabinose and xylose in hemicelluloses. Carbon dioxide evolution was monitored hourly in soil amended with ten different plant materials. Principal component and regression analysis showed that C mineralisation during day 1 was closely related to free sugars, fructans and soluble organic N components (R ² = 0.83). The sum of non-cellulose structural carbohydrates (intermediate NDF/ADF fraction) was not related to C mineralisation between days 1 and 9. In contrast, a model including starch and protein in addition to the non-cellulose structural carbohydrates, with the hemicelluloses replaced by arabinose and xylose, showed a strong relationship with evolved CO₂ (R ² = 0.87). Carbon mineralisation between days 9 and 34 was better explained by xylan, cellulose and lignin (R ² = 0.72) than by lignocellulose in the ADF fraction. Our results indicated that proximate analyses were not sufficient to explain differences in decomposition. To predict C mineralisation from the range of plant materials studied, we propose a minimum set of analyses comprising total N, free sugars, starch, arabinose, xylan, cellulose and lignin.     

缓控释氮素肥料的研究现状与展望

在前人有关缓控释肥料文献的基础上,介绍了缓控释氮肥的缓效途径和研究发展情况。重点阐述了缓控释氮肥的分类和缓控释机理。此外,对今后缓控释肥料研究发展提出了一些见解。     

利用ISSR标记研究鹅观草属种质资源的遗传多样性

为进一步了解鹅观草属种质资源的遗传背景和拓宽牧草育种的遗传基础,科学指导鹅观草属种质资源的收集、评价和利用,利用ISSR(Inter simple sequence repeat marker)标记对鹅观草属20个种,6个变种,共60份材料进行了遗传多样性检测。结果发现,被测材料间ISSR标记的多态性较高,在20个引物中,有16个引物可扩增出清晰且重复性好的DNA片段,共产生125条DNA片段,其中104条具有多态性,多态性比率为83.20%;每个引物可扩增出6～10条DNA片段,平均7.81条,材料间遗传相似系数GS变幅为0.188～0.879,平均值为0.375;聚类分析表明,在遗传相似系数为0.441的水平上,60份材料可以聚为5类,属于同种、同组、同系的不同材料首先聚在一起,然后再与其他种的材料聚在一起,此外,材料的聚类还表现出一定的地域性规律。     

中国蛋鸭品种资源的遗传变异

微卫星作为近年来应用较多的一种分子标记，可有效的进行基因鉴定和系谱分析，并可估算群体间的遗传距离。通过筛选的28个多态性较好的微卫星标记，检测了我国13个地方蛋鸭品种的遗传多样性。利用等位基因频率计算了各群体的遗传参数和群体间的遗传距离。采用邻近法构建了NJ聚类图。结果表明：我国所有蛋鸭品种全部群体的平均杂合度较低，其遗传多样性相对贫乏，各保种场（区）要加强多样性的保护；各品种的平均多态信息含量的高低与群体平均杂合度的顺序完全一致；遗传距离的计算说明了13个品种的遗传距离较远。分化时间较长；13个地方蛋鸭品种被聚类为3个类，微山麻鸭、攸县麻鸭、淮南麻鸭、广西小麻鸭、荆江麻鸭聚为一类；巢湖鸭和恩施麻鸭聚为一类；福建省的鸭种连城白鸭、莆田黑鸭、金定鸭、山麻鸭与三穗鸭、绍兴鸭聚为一类。聚类结果的分析表明了各蛋鸭品种的分子系统发生关系与其育成史和地理分布比较一致。     

西葫芦主要农艺性状的遗传相关与通径分析

相关分析表明,单株西葫芦产量与结瓜数呈极显著正相关,r=0.848**;与前期产量呈显著正相关,r=0.826*;与其他农艺性状相关不显著。通径分析表明,单瓜质量和结瓜数两个性状对产量形成的直接作用最大,这两个性状对产量的决定系数总和达0.993,可以作为西葫芦高产育种的主要选择性状。     

RAPD和AFLP在分析尼罗罗非鱼遗传多样性研究中的应用比较

比较了RAPD和AFLP标记技术在尼罗罗非鱼遗传多样性研究中的应用。共筛选20个RAPD引物和7个AFLP引物组合,检测到AFLP标记的有效等位基因数和平均多态信息量稍低于RAPD标记,但AFLP标记的多态性检测效率显著高于RAPD标记。两种分子标记所得遗传相似系数接近。结果表明:AFLP和RAPD适宜于基因组DNA检测,但AFLP优于RAPD。     

根癌农杆菌介导的甘蔗遗传转化体系的研究

采用根癌农杆菌介导法将苏云金氏芽孢杆菌毒蛋白B.t基因cryIA转入甘蔗胚性愈伤组织中,建立农杆菌转化甘蔗的遗传转化体系,获得13棵再生植株。经GUS及PCR检测,cryIA确实已转移到甘蔗幼苗中,GUS在再生植株中也得到瞬时表达。