牡丹江市污染物浓度变化与气象要素关系分析

利用牡丹江市(2005—2011年)大气污染物(SO2、NO2、PM10)浓度实际监测数据及同期地面气象要素场资料、天气图资料,分析了污染物浓度变化与气象条件的关系。结果表明,夏季降水对污染物的稀释有一定影响,1.0 mm以下降水对污染物的稀释作用不明显。但降水量R≥10 mm时降水对污染物的稀释作用较大,一些污染物浓度减少概率占60%以上。当风速小于1 m/s时,污染物浓度明显偏大,冬季浓度是夏秋季节浓度的2倍多。     

常见浆果类水果中农药残留调查研究

调查研究浆果类水果主要病虫害及其防治措施、农药使用情况、国内外现行污染物的限量标准及检测方法，并对近年来浆果类水果主要污染物的检测结果进行分析。提出浆果类水果质量安全控制主要污染物的检测项目和限量值，为该类水果的质量安全日常监测提供一定的依据。     

21种园林植物对环境重金属污染物吸收能力的分析

研究测定了21种园林植物对环境污染物重金属铅、镉的吸滞能力。结果表明:园林植物对环境污染物中的铅、镉具有一定的吸收净化能力,并依污染物和植物的不同具有明显差异。对环境污染物重金属铅吸滞量高的植物有:七叶树、紫叶矮樱、红叶臭椿、扶芳藤、北海道黄杨、爬墙虎、五叶地锦、爬行卫矛;吸镉量高的植物有:北海道黄杨、爬墙虎、扶芳藤、红叶臭椿、七叶树、五叶地锦、爬行卫矛。     

Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from long-term tillage under a continuous corn cropping system in Ohio

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) emitted by anthropogenic activities have been linked to the observed and predicted climate change. Conservation tillage practices such as no-tillage (NT) have potential to increase C sequestration in agricultural soils but patterns of N₂O and CH₄ emissions associated with NT practices are variable. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of tillage practices on N₂O and CH₄ emissions in long-term continuous corn (Zea mays) plots. The study was conducted on continuous corn experimental plots established in 1962 on a Crosby silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Aeric Ochraqualf) in Ohio. The experimental design consisted of NT, chisel till (CT) and moldboard plow till (MT) treatments arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The N₂O and CH₄ fluxes were measured for 1-year at 2-week intervals during growing season and at 4-week intervals during the off season. Long-term NT practice significantly decreased soil bulk density (ρ_b) and increased total N concentration of the 0–15 cm layer compared to MT and CT. Generally, NT treatment contained higher soil moisture contents and lower soil temperatures in the surface soil than CT and MT during summer, spring and autumn. Average daily fluxes and annual N₂O emissions were more in MT (0.67 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ and 1.82 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) and CT (0.74 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ and 1.96 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) than NT (0.29 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ and 0.94 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). On average, NT was a sink for CH₄, oxidizing 0.32 kg CH₄-C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, while MT and CT were sources of CH₄ emitting 2.76 and 2.27 kg CH₄-C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. Lower N₂O emission and increased CH₄ oxidation in the NT practice are attributed to decrease in surface ρ_b, suggesting increased gaseous exchange. The N₂O flux was strongly correlated with precipitation, air and soil temperatures, but not with gravimetric moisture content. Data from this study suggested that adoption of long-term NT under continuous corn cropping system in the U.S. Corn Belt region may reduce GWP associated with N₂O and CH₄ emissions by approximately 50% compared to MT and CT management.     

生物传感器在环境监测中的应用

在广泛文献检索基础上,综述了生物传感器的组成,以及近年来环境监测生物传感器在监测杀虫剂类物质、重金属、苯酚类物质和BOD等方面的应用,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

农村生活污染物控制技术研究

针对农村生活污染物分散、量大、面广、治理难等特点,提出对农村生活污染物采取资源化处理和生态工程处理措施,为农村生态环境保护提供技术支持。     

环太湖主要河流入出湖口表层沉积物污染特征研究

以环太湖31条主要河流入出湖口的表层沉积物为对象,分析了太湖流域4个区内河流入出湖口表层沉积物的总氮（TN）,总磷（TP）和总有机质（TOM）的含量。结果表明：第2区和第3区的TN,TP和TOM的含量较高;第1区和第4区的较低。各区沉积物中TN,TP和TOM的平均含量由高到低依次为：TN-第2区>第3区>第4区>第1区;TP--第2区>第3区>第4区>第1区;TOM-第2区>第4区>第1区>第3区;磷形态中铁铝磷（Fe/Al-P）活性较高,Fe/Al-P-第2区>第4区>第3区>第1区;综合氮磷指标,对太湖重度污染区（太湖的北-西北-西部分）水体富营养化影响最大的入湖河道：太滆运河、百渎港、陈东港、漕桥河、直湖港、武进港、官渎港、小溪港、殷村港、洪巷港、茭渎港和乌溪港。以上河流沉积物TN,TP含量均较高（TN>1000 mg/kg、TP>500 mg/kg）。     

定量构效关系研究方法及其在环境科学中的应用

定量构效关系是一种非常有效的有机污染物环境活性预测手段,其核心是建立有机物结构与活性之间的函数关系.文章系统介绍了定量构效关系的发展历程及其研究方法,并以有机农药、多环芳烃、多氯联苯和苯取代物等典型环境有机污染物为例,对定量构效关系在环境科学中的应用进行了综述,最后对定量构效关系的发展趋势进行了展望.     

广州市周边森林群落吸储功能测定

基于广州市森林生物资源清查,采用森林生物量法及森林器官化学试验监测方法,对广州市周边5个行政区的森林生物年均增长量及吸储C、N、S、P_b、C_d进行了计量估算,结果表明:广州市周边5区的森林年均固碳量达到12.534万t,年均吸储N、S量分别为651t、264t,年均吸储污染重金属元素P_b、C_d分别为931.9kg和13.3kg、且均以白云区为最高,由此揭示出广州市区域森林资源吸储功能特点、森林群落质量的差异,为城市森林可持续经营提供依据。       

Gaseous treatment with allyl isothiocyanate to control established microbial infestation on wood

Applicability of gaseous treatment with allyl isothiocyanate (AIT) was evaluated for controlling the established microbial infestation of wood in the laboratory. Small sapwood specimens from five wood species measuring 20 mm (T)×20 mm (R)×10 mm (L) were first preincubated on 2% malt-agar medium with placing them on a fully grown monoculture of seven test fungi. After 7 weeks of preincubation they were transferred to fresh medium and exposed to AIT fumigant at concentrations of 2360 and 23600ppm AIT in the air of a petri dish to determine threshold values of exposure periods for each test fungus. The 2360 ppm concentration was not effective forPenicillium funiculosum, Gliocladium virens, orRhizopus stolonifer for any of the wood species-exposure period combinations. Those test fungi could grow even at 23600ppm after 48h exposure whenCryptomeria japonica andFagus crenata were used as wood substrate. Growth of other test fungi was inhibited at 2360ppm with a few exceptions in the case ofAspergillus niger. The required periods of exposure to suppress microbial regrowth were different with wood species-test fungi combinations. As two wood-decaying basidiomycetes,Trametes versicolor andFomitopsis palustris, were easily controlled at 2360ppm after 24h exposure regardless of wood species, AIT treatment proved applicable to the control of internal decay of utility poles and other relevant products in service.