Rural land use in England and Wales and the delivery to the adjacent seas of nitrogen, phosphorus and atrazine

Abstract. In an exploratory study land use in 27 catchments covering most of England and Wales was assessed (using the land use classification devised by the then Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, now a part of the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology) and related to loads and concentrations of total nitrogen, phosphorus (mainly as orthophosphate (Op)) and some pesticides in river flows reaching the surrounding seas in the years 1990–1993. There are good correlations between seven land use types and the concentrations of total nitrogen ( r =0.83) and Op ( r =0.73) entering the seas. The correlations for individual land use types are best for arable land: total nitrogen, r =0.77; Op, r =0.65; and are positive. However, except for the mixed arable and grassland, the relationships between the other five land use types (improved grassland, upland grassland, upland moorland, upland mixed, and afforested and upland) and contaminant concentrations are negative. If data from the Mersey catchment are discarded, on the grounds that contaminant concentrations in the river seem unduly high, correlations between land use and contaminant concentrations reaching the seas are improved for all land uses: total nitrogen, r =0.89; Op, r =0.83; and atrazine, r =0.78. Loads and concentrations of pollutants in rivers entering the sea could be used to validate models of losses from catchments. Models may need to take greater account of runoff and transport of soil particles than they do presently.     

TMDL计划在流域水污染物总量控制中的应用

概述了美国环保局提出的最大日负荷量(TMDL)计划的概念、目标及具体实施步骤,其实践表明:TMDL计划对改善水质是行之有效的。讨论分析了与美国TMDL计划实施过程相比,我国污染物总量控制实施TMDL计划可能存在的问题。最后提出了以流域水生态健康为出发点,结合我国流域实际情况,重视非点源污染,开发简单、经济、实用的污染负荷估算模型,制订了适宜我国流域水污染物总量控制的TMDL计划,并结合其他污染控制措施,以最终实现流域水生态健康。     

生物传感器在环境监测中的应用

在广泛文献检索基础上,综述了生物传感器的组成,以及近年来环境监测生物传感器在监测杀虫剂类物质、重金属、苯酚类物质和BOD等方面的应用,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

The Mechanism and Kinetics of Parathion Degradation under High Frequency Ultrasonic Irradiation

The mechanism and kinetics of parathion degradation was investigated under high frequency ultrasonic irradiation in aqueous solution. The pseudo first order kinetic model and the response surface methodology (RSM) were proposed to evaluate the effect of ultrasonic frequency, power and initial concentration on sonochemical degradation of parathion. With the response surface experiments and quadratic fitting model, it was clearly indicated that the quadratic model was significant (P=0.000 2) and the lace of fit was not significant (P=0.113 6). The R2 of the model was 0.973 3. Ultrasonic power, initial concentration and the square of ultrasonic frequency were significant items for the model. And it was also indicated that there was an optimal frequency for parathion degradation with the operating conditions and the degradation rate of parathion was found to decrease with increase of initial concentration and decrease of power.     

单体稳定同位素分析技术在有机污染物溯源中的应用研究进展

随着稳定同位素分析技术日趋发展完善,单体稳定同位素分析技术（compound-specific isotope analysis,CSIA）作为一种高分辨率、高灵敏度的同位素分析技术手段已逐渐受到关注。目前CSIA技术在有机污染物溯源方面的研究应用主要集中于卤代烃类、多环芳烃类及甲基叔丁基醚等,其在农药溯源领域的应用尚待研究开发。文章对CSIA技术在卤代烃类、多环芳烃类及甲基叔丁基醚等有机污染物溯源中的应用研究进展进行了总结与综述,讨论了该技术目前存在的问题,并分析了其在农药残留污染物溯源方面的应用前景,以期为CSIA技术在食品（特别是农产品）中农药残留污染溯源方面的开发应用提供参考。     

Characteristics of air pollution events over Hotan Prefecture at the southwestern edge of Taklimakan Desert,China

Hotan Prefecture is located at the southwestern edge of Taklimakan Desert, the world's largest shifting sand desert, of China. The desert is one of the main sources for frequent sand-dust weather events which strongly affect the air quality of Hotan Prefecture. Although this region is characterized by the highest annual mean PM_(10) concentration values that are routinely recorded by environmental monitoring stations across China, both this phenomenon and its underlying causes have not been adequately addressed in previous researches. Reliable pollutant PM_(10) data are currently retrieved using a tapered element oscillating microbalance(TEOM) 1400 a, a direct real-time monitor, while additional concentration values including for PM_(2.5), sulfur dioxide(SO_2), nitrogen dioxide(NO_2), carbon monoxide(CO) and ozone(O_3) have been collected in recent years by the Hotan Environmental Monitoring Station. Based on these data, this paper presents a comparison of the influences of different kinds of sand-dust weather events on PM10(or PM_(2.5)) as well as the concentrations of other gaseous pollutants in Hotan Prefecture. It is revealed that the highest monthly average PM10 concentrations are observed in the spring because of the frequent occurrence of three distinct kinds of sand-dust weather events at this time, including dust storms, blowing dust and floating dust. The floating dust makes the most significant contribution to PM_(10)(or PM_(2.5)) concentration in this region, a result that differs from eastern Chinese cities where the heaviest PM_(10) pollution occurs usually in winter and air pollution results from the excess emission of local anthropogenic pollutants. It is also shown that PM_(10) concentration varies within typical dust storms. PM_(10) concentrations vary among 20 dust storm events within Hotan Prefecture, and the hourly mean concentrations tend to sharply increase initially then slowly decreasing over time. Data collected from cities in eastern China show the opposite with the hourly mean PM_(10)(or PM_(2.5)) concentration tending to slowly increase then sharply decrease during heavy air pollution due to the excess emission of local anthropogenic pollutants. It is also found that the concentration of gaseous pollutants during sand-dust weather events tends to be lower than those cases under clear sky conditions. This indicates that these dust events effectively remove and rapidly diffuse gaseous pollutants. The analysis also shows that the concentration of SO_2 decreases gradually at the onset of all three kinds of sand-dust weather events because of rapidly increasing wind velocity and the development of favorable atmospheric conditions for diffusion. In contrast, changes in O_3 and NO_2 concentrations conformed to the opposite pattern during all three kinds of sand-dust weather events within this region, implying the inter transformation of these gas species during these events.     

CST固化剂修复重金属和有机复合污染土壤试验研究

以重金属Zn、Pb、Cd和总石油烃复合污染土为对象,对新型固化剂CST的修复效果进行了试验研究.通过室内pH值、酸缓冲能力、毒性浸出和重金属形态分布等测试,详细考察了CST固化复合污染土的关键特性变化规律.结果表明:CST能够显著提高污染土pH值和耐酸侵蚀能力,并通过有效减少弱酸提取态重金属含量、氧化分解总石油烃,显著...     

Gaseous treatment with allyl isothiocyanate to control established microbial infestation on wood

Applicability of gaseous treatment with allyl isothiocyanate (AIT) was evaluated for controlling the established microbial infestation of wood in the laboratory. Small sapwood specimens from five wood species measuring 20 mm (T)×20 mm (R)×10 mm (L) were first preincubated on 2% malt-agar medium with placing them on a fully grown monoculture of seven test fungi. After 7 weeks of preincubation they were transferred to fresh medium and exposed to AIT fumigant at concentrations of 2360 and 23600ppm AIT in the air of a petri dish to determine threshold values of exposure periods for each test fungus. The 2360 ppm concentration was not effective forPenicillium funiculosum, Gliocladium virens, orRhizopus stolonifer for any of the wood species-exposure period combinations. Those test fungi could grow even at 23600ppm after 48h exposure whenCryptomeria japonica andFagus crenata were used as wood substrate. Growth of other test fungi was inhibited at 2360ppm with a few exceptions in the case ofAspergillus niger. The required periods of exposure to suppress microbial regrowth were different with wood species-test fungi combinations. As two wood-decaying basidiomycetes,Trametes versicolor andFomitopsis palustris, were easily controlled at 2360ppm after 24h exposure regardless of wood species, AIT treatment proved applicable to the control of internal decay of utility poles and other relevant products in service.