Changes in the chemical composition of water percolating through the soil profile in a moderately polluted catchment

Throughfall (TF), stemflow (SF), soil solution below the organic layer (SS_org) and at 50 cm depth (SS₅₀), and output with stream water (SW) were measured and analyzed for four years in a moderately polluted forest catchment in southern Poland. The input of water with stemflow was ca. 6% of input with TF. However, due to higher concentrations of most ions in SF, the input of most elements with SF was from 8% to 9%. Sulphate (SO₄ ^2–), chloride (Cl^–) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) were the only ions steadily increasing in concentrations in water percolating through the soil profile. Nitrogen reached the forest floor mainly as ammonium (NH₄ ⁺). In the soil organic layer the NH₄ ⁺ concentration decreased, while concentrations of nitrate (NO₃ ^–) and hydrogen (H⁺) increased, probably due to nitrification. For NO₃ ^–, sodium (Na⁺) and calcium (Ca²⁺), the highest concentrations were found in SS_org and SW. This indicates both efficient cycling in the biotic pool of the ecosystem and intensive weathering processes in the mineral soil below the plant rooting zone. The latter was especially pronounced for Mg and Ca. Concentrations of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were the highest in SS_org and SS₅₀. As this was accompanied by a low pH and constant input of H⁺, NH₄ ⁺ and heavy metal ions to the catchment area, it may pose a serious threat to forest health.     

生物炭降解有机污染物的研究进展

生物炭是指生物质在无氧或低氧条件下高温裂解炭化而产生的一种富碳产物.由于其精致的孔隙结构和独特的表面化学性质,对土壤环境中的有机污染物有超强的吸附和降解能力,进而影响有机污染物的迁移和转化.近年来生物炭对有机污染物的吸附降解特性及机理研究已成为环境科学领域的研究热点之一.主要从生物炭的典型特征、降解有机污染物的机理、影响因素以及今后研究方向等方面进行了综述,以期为国内生物炭的研究提供参考.     

根-土界面的微生态过程与有机污染物的环境行为研究

土壤-植物系统是地球生态系统中与人类生存与健康关系最为密切的亚系统。该系统中有机污染物的运移必须历经根-土界面多层次的微生态过程的控制。这些微生态过程涉及到系统中许多生物、生物化学和物理化学反应机理,与土壤中污染物迁移转化及其归宿等环境行为具有密切的关系。理解这些微生态过程及其对有机污染物环境行为的影响,对提高作物生长、改善土壤环境质量和提高农产品品质安全具有直接的理论和实践指导意义。     

利用PRB技术去除氯代有机污染物的研究进展

氯代有机化合物是一种典型的地下水污染物,对可渗透反应墙技术进行深入的研究和探讨,有利于地下水氯代化合物污染场地修复技术的完善和提高。介绍了可渗透反应墙的结构类型和脱氯机理,讲述了可渗透反应墙技术的国内外研究概况,重点讨论了可渗透反应墙技术的国内外新进展,最后总结了可渗透反应墙技术的优势和不足之处,并在此基础上给出了可渗透反应墙技术的未来发展方向。     

EM菌对海参养殖水体主要污染物净化效果的研究

利用室内小试验与池塘试验相结合的方法,研究了不同浓度的EM菌原液对海参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)养殖水体的净化效果.结果表明,EM菌能显著降解氨氮(NH3-N)、亚硝酸盐(NO-2-)、磷酸盐(PO3-4-)、COD(P ＜0.05):Ⅳ组(4*109 cfu/m3)降解NH3-N、PO34-效果最佳,两者平均去除率在试验箱中分别为38.42％和58.33％,在试验池中分别为35.92％和33.00％;V组(5.0* 109 cfu/m3)降解NO-2-、COD效果最佳,平均去除率分别为22.73％(试验箱)和37.84％(试验池)、17.63％(试验箱)和18.51％(试验池);硝酸盐(NO-3-)在各试验箱变化不明显,在试验池中却升高71.33％;各试验组底泥中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)去除效果不明显(P＞0.05).     

水葫芦对水中污染物富集效果与资源利用研究

对被生活污水污染的水体进行限量投放水葫芦试验,1个月后,对污染物去除率为78.8％,富集氮6.6 kg、磷0.95 kg.并总结了水葫芦资源再利用的方法,分析其利用过程中需要注意的几个问题.     

2006～2012年武陵山区黔江区域大气污染物变化分析及防治对策

利用黔江区环境空气的监测资料,采用空气综合污染指数、Daniel趋势检验方法等评价和分析方法,研究了2006～2012年环境空气质量状况及变化趋势.结果表明,SO2 、NO2和PM10年均浓度分别为0.019 ～0.060、0.004 ～0.022、0.063 ～0.089 mg/m3,均达到国家二级标准限制要求.环境空气综合污染指数为1.08 ～2.14,属于轻度污染,主要污染物为SO2和PM10.2006～2012年环境空气质量年际变化趋势表明,NO2浓度随年份变化呈增长趋势.根据黔江区环境空气质量状况,分析了污染成因,并提出了污染防治对策.     

畜禽养殖环境效率及其污染物减排——以不同规模生猪养殖为例

为探究中国生猪养殖产生污染物的减排潜力,基于随机前沿生产函数模型,利用2004—2016年生猪养殖的省级宏观数据,测算了不同规模生猪养殖的环境效率,并从时间和空间2个维度计算了生猪养殖产生污染物的潜在削减量,最后进一步探究了生猪养殖环境效率的提升路径。结果表明:1)小规模、中规模、大规模生猪养殖的环境效率均值依次为0.924、0.953、0.926,随着养殖规模增大环境效率呈现出"倒U型"趋势,而且随着时间推移3个规模生猪养殖的环境效率均出现了不同程度的上升趋势;2)在时间维度上,小规模、中规模、大规模生猪养殖1头猪1年产生的污染物还可以平均减少5.89、2.42和4.13 kg,但随着时间推移3个规模生猪养殖污染物的潜在削减量均在不断减少;3)在空间维度上,小规模生猪养殖东部地区污染物的潜在削减量要高于中西部地区;中规模生猪养殖污染物的潜在削减量在各区域中相对均衡;而大规模生猪养殖污染物的潜在削减量在不同地区呈现出两级分化趋势;4)本研究选取的生产要素投入量、饲养天数以及环境治理费用等对生猪养殖环境效率均有显著影响。最后,基于研究结论,提出相关的措施建议以提升生猪养殖环境效率。     

Contamination history of suspended river sediments accumulated in oxbow lakes over the last 25 years

Background, aims, and scope  Embankment of meandering river systems in many industrial areas results in the formation of artificial oxbow lakes that may act as perennial or intermittent traps for river sediments. Their deposits can be dated using a combination of historical and stratigraphic data, providing a good means to study historical records of contamination transported by rivers. Contamination history over the last few decades is of special significance for Central and Eastern Europe as it can reflect high pollutant levels in the second half of the twentieth century and the subsequent improvement after the fall of the Iron Curtain. The purpose of this study was to investigate recent sediments of an oxbow lake of the Morava River, Czech Republic, their stratigraphic records, sediment architecture, and history of contamination. Materials and methods  Seven ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles and three sediment cores up to 4 m deep were studied. The stratigraphy of the cores was inferred from visible-light spectrophotometry, X-ray radiography, grain size analysis, and semiquantitative modal analysis of sandy fractions. The sediments were dated using the ¹³⁷Cs mass activity and combinations of stratigraphic and historical data. The cores were sampled for concentrations of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. Wet sampled, lyophilized, and sieved sediments were extracted and analyzed for heavy metals by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) of aqua regia leachate and for persistent organic pollutants by gas chromatography (GC-ECD and GC-MS). Results  Three distinct sedimentary sequences (S1, S2, and S3) were identified. The basal sequence S1 represents river channel sediments deposited before the formation of the oxbow lake, most likely before the 1930s. The boundary between the S1 and S2 sequence correlates with the level of sediment dredging from 1981 evidenced from historical data. The overlying sequences S2 and S3 represent a postdredging sediment wedge, which progrades into the lake. ¹³⁷Cs dating revealed a distinct Chernobyl 1986 peak at ∼150 cm depth inferring sedimentation rates up to 7.7 cm/year. Sediment contamination abruptly increased from the pre-1930s deposits to the post-1981 deposits. The concentration levels increased two to five times for Pb, As, Zn, and Cu, about 10 to 15 times for Cr, Sb, and Hg, up to 34 times for Cd, and 25 to 67 times for DDTs, PCBs, and PAHs. The concentrations of most contaminants remained approximately constant until the late 1980s when they started to decrease slowly. The decreasing trends were most prominent for heavy metals and anthracene, less prominent for DDTs, and almost absent for PCBs and most PAHs. Discussion  Different temporal and spatial patterns for various contaminants make it possible to distinguish between anthropogenic point sources from local industry (anthracene, Cr, Cd), possible diffuse sources (most PAHs), and geological background (V, Co, Ni, and Mo). The observed recent trends in heavy metal and persistent organic pollutant contamination are generally consistent with data from other Central European rivers. The roughly balanced contamination levels in sediments from the lake and the adjacent river channel suggest that the oxbow lake deposits reflect immediate levels of the contamination bound to suspended particulate matter passing through the river. Conclusions  The investigated oxbow lake accumulated suspended sediment from Morava River, developing a thick sedimentary body. The sediments offer a good time framework to study historical contamination of the river on a decade time scale. Continuous contamination trends can be traced back to the early 1980s. The results show that stratigraphic analysis of cores has a good potential for identification of uninterrupted historical trends and unconformities, e.g., due to dredging. Recommendations and perspectives  Oxbow lakes may provide an alternative to floodplains and reservoir deposits when studying river contamination history. High sedimentation rates of up to 7.7 cm/year offer a very good stratigraphic resolution, making it possible to study contamination patterns on annual or even seasonal time scales. On the other hand, oxbow lakes may represent long-term contamination stores, which are unlikely to be redistributed by river erosion and, hence, may possess significant environmental risks for the farther future.     

Gaseous and leaching nitrogen losses from no-tillage and conventional tillage systems following surface application of cattle manure

Previous studies have demonstrated inconsistent results on the impact of tillage systems on nitrogen (N) losses from field-applied manure. This study assessed the impact of no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems on gaseous N losses, N₂O:N₂O + N₂ ratios and NO₃⁻-N leaching following surface application of cattle manure. The study was undertaken during the 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons at two field sites in Nova Scotia namely, Streets Ridge (SR) in Cumberland County and the Bio-environmental Engineering Centre (BEEC) in Truro. Results showed that the NT system had higher (p < 0.05) NH₃ losses than CT. Over the two seasons, manure incorporation in CT reduced NH₃ losses on average by 86% at SR and 78% at BEEC relative to NT. At both sites and during both seasons, denitrification rates and N₂O fluxes in NT were generally higher than in CT plots, presumably due to higher soil water and organic matter content in NT. Over the two seasons, mean denitrification rates at SR were 239 and 119 g N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹, while N₂O fluxes were 120 and 64 g N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ under NT and CT, respectively. At BEEC mean denitrification rates were 114 and 71 g N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹, while N₂O fluxes were 52 and 27 g N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ under NT and CT, respectively. Conversely, N₂O:N₂O + N₂ ratios were lower in NT than CT suggesting more complete reduction of N₂O to N₂ under NT. When averaged across all soil depths, NO₃⁻-N was higher (p < 0.05) in CT than NT. Nitrate-N decreased with depth at both sites regardless of tillage. In most cases, NO₃⁻-N was higher under CT than NT at all soil depths. Similarly, flow-weighted average NO₃⁻-N concentrations in drainage water were generally higher under CT. This may be partly attributed to higher denitrification rates under NT. Therefore, NT may be a viable strategy to remove NO₃⁻-N from the soil, and thus, reduce NO₃⁻-N contamination of groundwater. However, it should be noted that while the use of NT reduces NO₃⁻-N leaching it may come with unintended environmental tradeoffs, including increased NH₃ and N₂O emissions.