气相色谱法测定水果中有机磷农药残留量

[目的]探索气相色谱法测定水果中有机磷农药残留量的效果。[方法]以苹果、梨等水果为试材,应用Agilent 6890N型气相色谱仪同时测定水果中10种有机磷农药残留量,确立了10种有机磷农药的保留时间、线性回归方程、相关系数及检出限,并测定了它们在苹果、梨等水果中的回收率。[结果]10种有机磷农药线性关系良好。标准工作液添加水平为0.05,0.10,0.50 mg/kg的3次平行测定的回收率达到87.18%~116.88%;变异系数仅0.98%~10.99%。样品前处理中氮气浓缩乙腈是影响回收率测定结果的关键因子。[结论]该方法具有较好的准确度和精确度,是水果质量检测的有效方法。     

不同种源花楸幼苗气体交换特性

以吉林通化、长白、白河、汪清和黑龙江带岭、海林、牡丹江7种源的花楸幼苗为材料,对其叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2体积分数进行了测定.结果表明:各种源花楸净光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化均为单峰曲线,净光合速率峰值在12:00-14:00,蒸腾速率峰值则出现在12:00,气孔导度为"一峰一谷"曲线,而胞间CO2体积分数为"双谷"曲线;种源能够显著地影响花楸的气体交换参数.牡丹江和汪清种源光合作用比较强,气孔导度和胞间CO2体积分数较低;各气体交换特性与环境因子都有一定相关性,其中,净光合速率主要受光合有效辐射影响,蒸腾速率主要与气温和叶温有关,气孔导度与空气湿度相关性最高,胞间CO2体积分数则对空气CO2体积分数的变化最为敏感.     

基于HS-SPME-GC-MS的青梅酒香气成分研究

[目的]为更好地勾兑青梅酒,研究青梅浸泡酒、青梅汁、青梅汁发酵酒以及浸泡基酒的香气成分.[方法]采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)与气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)相结合的方法定性分析浸泡基酒、青梅浸泡酒、青梅汁及青梅汁发酵酒4种样品的香气成分.[结果]试验显示,4个样品依次检测出14、32、17、46种香气成分,香气成分本质的差异决定了其特有的风味和口感.其中,青梅在浸泡过程中产生的特有香气成分为苯甲醛、S-(-)-2-甲基-1-丁醇、苯甲酸乙酯、5-羟甲基糠醛等.青梅汁中特有的香气成分为糠醛、苯乙醇、苯甲醇等.青梅汁发酵酒中产生的主要微量香气成分有苯乙醇(6.941％,峰面积相对百分含量,下同)、异戊醇(6.940％)、辛酸乙酯(3.734％)、癸酸乙酯(2.590％)、己酸乙酯(2.479％)、9-癸烯酸乙酯(2.080％)、5-羟甲基糠醛(1.756％)等.[结论]研究可为青梅酒的品质改善提供科学依据和数据参考.     

气相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱法测定土壤中多环芳烃的方法研究

[目的]建立索氏抽提、固相萃取净化、气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法同时测定土壤及沉积物中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的方法。[方法]对萃取、净化及仪器分析条件进行了优化。[结果]优化条件为:1+1的二氯甲烷+正己烷提取16 h,硅胶净化或不净化方法,PAHs浓度在0.25~5.00μg/mL时线性相关系数(R2)为0.990 3~0.999 9;PAHs方法检出限为0.002~0.020 mg/kg;加标回收率为61.2%~117.0%。[结论]试验结果为土壤中多环芳烃的测定提供了理论依据。     

黑米红枣乳酸菌发酵饮料品质分析

以黑米和红枣为原料,制备新型复合乳酸菌发酵饮料,测定其理化指标、总酚和黄酮质量浓度及DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基清除能力,采用电子鼻、电子舌和SPME-GC-MS对2种饮料的感官特性和挥发性风味物质进行比较分析。结果表明:与红枣乳酸饮料相比,黑米红枣乳酸菌发酵饮料酸度和总固形物含量增大,颜色更加鲜亮丰满;黑米红枣乳酸饮料的总酚和总黄酮质量浓度、DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基清除率显著高于红枣乳酸饮料;电子鼻和电子舌对2种饮料的感官特性及其差异有很好的识别能力;黑米红枣乳酸饮料与红枣乳酸饮料的醛类、酮类、醇类、脂类等挥发性香气成分及有机酸成分有较大差异,黑米红枣乳酸饮料相比红枣乳酸饮料有更好的色泽、风味、滋味和适口性。     

气相色谱法测定棉籽中高效氯氰菊酯残留

建立用气相色谱法测定棉籽中高效氯氰菊酯残留量的分析方法。样品经丙酮-石油醚(1∶1,V/V)超声提取,凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)净化,用带ECD检测器的气相色谱仪测定。高效氯氰菊酯的最低检出量为1.0×10-12g,在棉籽中的最低检出浓度为0.01 mg/kg,平均回收率在84.5%～97.4%之间,相对标准偏差为1.4%～5.9%,符合农药残留检测的要求。     

中缅油气管道国内段砂土液化处理措施

中缅油气管道国内段沿线存在不连续的长距离砂土液化地带,砂土液化是地下管道遭受地震破坏的主要原因之一.为增强管道抵抗土壤液化的能力,通过对砂土液化现象及其危害进行分析,结合油气管道沿线砂土液化特点,对管道敷设深度内有中等、严重砂土液化趋势的地段采取平衡压袋稳管方式进行液化处理.该处理措施具有经济、环保、便于施工、不影响管道主体工程安装和总体工期等特点,而且对于避免和减轻地震灾害,确保油气管道的安全运行具有重要意义,在类似管道工程建设中值得推广应用.(表2,图3,参4)     

Enhancement of photosynthesis and growth of tomato seedlings by forced ventilation within the canopy

A forced ventilation system that directs airflow upward or downward within a canopy was developed for plant culture in order to enhance photosynthesis and growth of the plant canopy. Tomato seedling canopies including the seedlings, growing medium, and a plastic tray were used for the experiments. In the upward and downward ventilation systems, air flows upward and downward, respectively, within the plant canopy; this is achieved by blowing and drawing air from holes (Ø 6 mm) made in plastic pipes positioned on the surface of the growing medium. A horizontal airflow system was used as a conventional system to compare the performance of the experimental ventilation systems. Using the upward and downward ventilation systems, the effects of air directions and air velocities on the CO₂ exchange rate of the tomato seedling canopy and the growth of the seedlings were compared with those observed using the conventional horizontal airflow system. The forced ventilation within the plant canopy enhanced the CO₂ exchange rate of the canopy and the dry masses of the seedlings by 1.4–1.5 and 1.2–1.3 times, respectively, as compared to the conventional horizontal airflow. When the leaf area index (LAI) increased from 1.2 to 2.4, there was only a 5% decrease in the CO₂ exchange rate per unit leaf area in the downward ventilation system, whereas there was a 20% decrease in the CO₂ exchange rate per leaf area in the horizontal airflow system. The coefficient of variation for the dry mass of the seedlings was higher in the downward system than in the other systems. These results demonstrate that forced ventilation within the canopy is an effective technique to enhance the gas exchange of the plant canopy and the consequent plant growth.     

Drought responses of six ornamental herbaceous perennials

Although low water use landscaping is becoming common in arid regions, little is known about drought tolerance and drought responses of many ornamental plants, especially herbaceous perennials. Drought responses were assessed for six herbaceous ornamental landscape perennials in a 38 l pot-in-pot system in northern Utah over a 2-year period. The first year was an establishment period. During the second year, drought responses were evaluated for established Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Gaillardia aristata Pursh, Lavandula angustifolia P. Mill., Leucanthemum × superbum (J.W. Ingram) Berg. ex Kent, ‘Alaska’, Penstemon barbatus Roth var. praecox nanus rondo, and Penstemon × mexicali Mitch. ‘Red Rocks’. Plants were irrigated at frequencies of 1 (control), 2, or 4 weeks between June and September, simulating well-watered conditions, moderate drought, or severe drought. Osmotic potential (Ψ_s), gas exchange, visual quality, leaf area, and dry weight were assessed. In a confined root zone, P. barbatus showed the greatest tolerance to all levels of drought, avoiding desiccation by increasing root:shoot ratio and decreasing stomatal conductance as water became limiting. L. angustifolia and P. × mexicali showed tolerance to moderate drought conditions, but died after exposure to the first episode of severe drought. Neither G. aristata nor L. superbum were able to regulate shoot water loss effectively. Instead, both species displayed drought avoidance mechanisms, dying back when water was limiting and showing new growth after they were watered. Compared to control plants, G. aristata shoot dry weight was reduced by 50% and 84%, and L. superbum shoot dry weight was reduced by 47% and 99% for the 2- and 4-week irrigation intervals, respectively. Root dry weights were affected similarly for both species. E. purpurea exhibited poor visual quality at all irrigation intervals, in particular wilting severely in both drought treatments, but regaining turgor when watered again. P. barbatus is recommended for ornamental landscapes that receive little or no supplemental irrigation, while E. purpurea is not recommended for low water landscapes because of low visual quality under even mild drought.     

Sap flow in papaya plants: Laboratory calibrations and relationships with gas exchanges under field conditions

In papaya plants a study to quantify the water flow through the trunk is important for to promote a good water management in commercial orchard. The objective was to study the relationship between water flow through the trunk and temperature measurements determined by probes inserted in the papaya plant stem in laboratory. In addition, was possible to study the relationship between sap flow and instantaneous gas exchange in field conditions. We constructed an instrument that maintained a stable water flux through a 0.30 m stem section with a constant pressure, simulating the xylem sap flow through the stem. Water flux was adjusted by varying pressure of water in the stem section. The mathematical model used to fit the relation between K (Granier heat coefficient) values and sap flow density was the exponential model: u = 0.5511 × K^1.9104. Field studies was conducted in a commercial orchard located in North of the State of Rio de Janeiro, with 12 plants in October 2002, and eight plants in January 2003. We verified that instantaneous transpiration, measured by a portable system of gas exchange (porometry), presented a good (R² = 0.75) positive relationship with xylem sap flow. Estimates of papaya sap flow can be obtained by scaling portable photosynthesis system measurements with exposed leaves, however the relationship is non-linear in higher instantaneous transpiration rates. The causes of the non-linear relationship in higher transpiration are discussed. In addition, was possible to obtain a good (R² = 0.76) relationship between net photosynthesis rate and xylem sap flow in papaya field-grown.