盒式气调包装机气体置换结构内部3-D流场的模

气体置换装置是气调包装机的核心部件.以盒式气调包装机中2种典型气体置换装置结构为研究对象,建立了2种气体置换结构的物理模型和包装盒内气体流场分析数学模型,应用Fluent软件对包装盒内的气体流场进行三维数值模拟.建立了保证气体置换质量的包装盒内三维流场评价指标,分析了气体置换装置充、排气孔的结构布置与排列方式对气体置换性能的影响.结果表明,与传统结构相比,新设计结构在气体置换率、流场静压分布、气体平均流速以及耗气量等方面均具有更佳的性能.     

3个杏品种果实香气顶空固相微萃取气质联用分析

对三个杏品种“金太阳”、“鲁杏1号”、“鲁杏2号”成熟期果实顶空微萃取果肉中的挥发性物质进行气相色谱—质谱分析鉴定。金太阳杏检测出33种香气成分,占总峰面积的82.37%,主要香气物质为乙酸己酯、乙酸－4－己烯－1－酯、二羟乙酸、6－甲基－5－烯基－2－庚酮;“鲁杏1号”检测出10种香气成分,占总峰面积的51.18%,主要香气物质为二羟乙酸、苯乙醇、二乙基邻苯二甲酸酯、2-苯并噻吩;“鲁杏2号”检出10种香气成分,占总峰面积的48.06%。主要香气物质为乙醇、乙酸己酯、顺-3-己烯基-乙酸酯。三个品种间香气成分和含量均存在差异,杏香气成分是杏选育评价标准的重要指标之一。     

DME发动机非常规排放物的检测与分析

用气相色谱仪和傅立叶红外光谱仪对燃用DME的ZS195柴油机的排气中的甲醛(HCHO)、甲酸甲酯(CHCOOCH3)、甲酸(HCOOH)非常规排放物进行了检测和分析。结果表明,DME发动机的尾气排放中,均检测到HCHO,HCOOCH3,HCOOH排放物,且甲醛是非常规排放物中的主要成分,甲醛、甲酸甲酯的排放量随转速上升而略有上升,随负荷增加而不同程度的减少,而甲酸排放量变化则不甚明显。     

Preliminary study of patients with chronic mountain sickness by GC-TOF-MS based serum metabolomics analysis

AIM: To evaluate specific metabolomics profiles in the serum of patients with chronic mountain sickness (CMS) and to explore the potential metabolic biomarkers in the native Tibetans living on the Qinghai-Tibet Pla-teau.METHODS: A gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) approach as a metabolomics technique was used to evaluate metabolic differences. The native Tibetan CMS patients (n=10) and healthy Tibetan controls (n=10) were enrolled from YuShu in Qinghai province in this study. The serum samples were collected and analyzed by GC-TOF-MS coupled with a series of multivariate statistical analyses such as principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA).RESULTS: The intergroup differences between CMS patients and control subjects have been observed. A list of differential metabolites and several top altered metabolic pathways have been identified. The levels of fumaric acid, an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and inosine were highly upregulated in the CMS patients, suggesting a greater effort to hypoxic adaptation in high elevation area. Other differential metabolites, such as methyl phosphate, 2-ketoadipate, lyxose and phytanic acid were also identified. Importantly, the differential metabolites possessed higher area under the ROC curve (AUC) values, indicating an excellent clinical ability for the prediction of CMS. Increased levels of amino acids (isoleucine, glycine, serine, L-cysteine, citrulline and trimethyllysine) were detected in CMS group, yet significantly decreased levels of sulfuric acid, oxamic acid, lyxose and glutamine were also detected in CMS group than those in control group. At the same time, the levels of ribose and glucose-1-phosphate were markedly elevated in CMS group (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: The metabolic activities are significantly altered in the serum of CMS patients. High altitude hypoxia may act on the disturbed glucose metabolism and amino acid metabolism in part of the Tibetan triggered by CMS.     

Kernel vitreousness and protein content: Relationship,interaction and synergistic effects on durum wheat quality

Four sets of durum samples were used in this study to further understand the interrelationships among hard vitreous kernels (HVK), protein content, and pigment concentration, with a focus on the interaction and synergistic effects of protein content and vitreousness on durum quality. HVK level increases with higher protein content in the range of 9.5–12.5%, but this relationship is less evident in durum samples with high protein content (12.5–14.5%). Both protein content and kernel vitreousness can significantly affect durum milling quality. White starchy kernels (WSK) in low protein durum have a very detrimental impact on milling and pasta processing quality, but high protein content can mitigate the adverse impact of WSK on durum quality. Although protein content plays a dominant role, higher HVK might contribute positively to pasta firmness. There was no significant difference in yellow pigment content between HVK and WSK. However, pigment loss from semolina to dough was higher for WSK than HVK. Despite the difference in protein content, HVK and WSK have little difference in gluten strength. The monomeric protein was preferentially accumulated in HVK. The glutenin proteins of HVK and WSK were similar in the ratios of 1Bx/1By and HMW/LMW-GS.     

泵站虹吸式出水管虹吸形成过程气液两相流数值模拟

为分析虹吸式出水管虹吸形成过程中气液两相流动,基于各向同性假设,采用欧拉多相流模型与RNG k-ε湍流模型对一泵站虹吸式出水管虹吸过程中的气液两相流进行了数值模拟。结果表明:虹吸过程中,在虹吸管驼峰段和下降段易产生上、下气囊,对虹吸作用的完成有不利影响。来流流量是影响虹吸形成时间的主要因素,水力驱气阶段和水力挟气阶段可分别用不同的幂函数来表达时间与流量的关系。     

Short-term changes in nitrogen availability, gas fluxes (CO2, NO, N2O) and microbial biomass after tillage during pasture re-establishment in Rondônia, Brazil

Anthropogenic conversion of primary forest to pasture for cattle production is still frequent in the Amazon Basin. Practices adopted by ranchers to restore productivity to degraded pasture have the potential to alter soil N availability and N gas losses from soils. We examined short-term (35 days) effects of tillage prior to pasture re-establishment on soil N availability, CO₂, NO and N₂O fluxes and microbial biomass C and N under degraded pasture at Nova Vida ranch, Rondônia, Brazilian Amazon. We collected soil samples and measured gas fluxes in tilled and control (non tilled pasture) 12 times at equally spaced intervals during October 2001 to quantify the effect of tillage. Maximum soil NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ pools were 13.2 and 6.3 kg N ha⁻¹ respectively after tillage compared to 0.24 and 6.3 kg N ha⁻¹ in the control. Carbon dioxide flux ranged from 118 to 181 mg C–CO₂ m² h⁻¹ in the control (non-tilled) and from 110 to 235 mg C–CO₂ m² h⁻¹ when tilled. Microbial biomass C varied from 365 to 461 μg g⁻¹ in the control and from 248 to 535 μg g⁻¹ when tilled. The values for N₂O fluxes ranged from 1.22 to 96.9 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ in the tilled plots with a maximum 3 days after the second tilling. Variability in NO flux in the control and when tilled was consistent with previous measures of NO emissions from pasture at Nova Vida. When tilled, the NO/N₂O ratio remained <1 after the first tilling suggesting that denitrification dominated N cycling. The effects of tilling on microbial parameters were less clear, except for a decrease in qCO₂ and an increase in microbial biomass C/N immediately after tilling. Our results suggest that restoration of degraded pastures with tillage will lead to less C matter, at least initially. Further long-term research is needed.     

淹水土壤有机酸积累与秸秆碳氮比及氮供应的关系

有机酸积累和毒害是稻田秸杆还田中受到广泛关注的问题。本文以水稻与小麦秸杆为材料，采用淹水培养研究了甲酸、乙酸、丙酸及丁酸在士壤中的积累及其与秸秆碳氮比、氮肥添加量的关系。结果表明，在不施用氮肥的情况下。随秸秆用量的增加，秸秆处理的有机酸积累均显著增多。与稻秸处理相比，麦秸处理的有机酸（尤其足丙酸）积累量显著较高，土壤溶液中NH4^＋浓度显著较低。加入尿素明显减少有机酸积累，促进CH4排放，但对CO2的排放无显著影响；氮素的影响在麦秸处理中表现的尤为明显。上述结果说明麦秸的高碳氮比增加了无机氮的生物固定，抑制有机酸向CH4转化，从而导致麦秸处理有机酸积累量高于稻秸处理。施用氮肥是减少麦秸还田后有机酸积累的有效措施之一，但此措施将可能促进CH4的排放。     

中俄东线天然气管道焊接消磁技术试验

长输管道在建设、改线或维抢修作业时,常会遇到管道对口处有磁偏吹现象,使得在焊接施工时,电弧发生偏离,导致焊接缺陷甚至无法焊接施工,严重影响了工程进度及管道的本质安全。中俄东线天然气管道工程采用1422 mm口径、X80钢级管道,以往所采用的消磁方法和消磁设备已无法满足其大口径、高钢级管道的消磁作业。通过分析管道剩磁的产生机理和影响因素,得到不同消磁方法对中俄东线管道的适用性。通过现场试验验证直流消磁法,分析直流消磁和直流焊机消磁的优缺点及工作参数,提出可行性建议。     

离子色谱法同时测定降水中的常见阴离子

利用离子色谱仪同时测定降水中的3种有机酸根离子和4种无机阴离子,通过对分析条件的优化,确定了最佳的色谱条件：以4．0mmol／L Na2CO3与1．0mmol／L NaHCO3为流动相,流速0．8mL／min作等度洗脱,在10min内实现基线分离并完成电导检测．7种组分的检测限在0．5～20．0nmol／L之间,线性范围跨越2个数量级以上．该方法用于雨水样品的分析,结果表明：平均加标回收率为92．1％～106．2％,相对标准偏差0．30％～4．03％.