牦牛和藏羊夏季划区轮牧对高寒草甸3种植物凋落物分解的影响

为深入理解放牧牦牛和藏羊及放牧强度对青藏高原高寒草地凋落物分解的分异影响,在天祝高寒草甸夏季牧场,采用凋落物袋法研究了牦牛和藏羊轮牧强度对垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)、矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)和珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum)凋落物损失率及碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)含量的影响。结果表明:3种植物凋落物损失率随处理时间的增加和放牧强度的增大均呈增大趋势。处理15个月后,垂穗披碱草、矮生嵩草和珠芽蓼凋落物损失率分别为24.71%~32.70%,30.56%~38.83%和32.27%~42.96%。放牧藏羊草地上的3种凋落物损失率小于牦牛放牧草地。在同一放牧家畜及放牧强度下,垂穗披碱草的损失率显著小于矮生嵩草和珠芽蓼。3种植物凋落物C含量随着放牧强度的增加依次呈降低趋势,C含量大小依次为:垂穗披碱草矮生嵩草珠芽蓼,但C含量的变化大小依次为:垂穗披碱草矮生嵩草珠芽蓼。3种植物凋落物N含量随放牧强度增加呈现降低趋势;随着时间的增加凋落物N呈现先降低再增加后又降低的趋势。随着放牧强度的增加,珠芽蓼凋落物的P含量总体呈降低趋势;随着放牧时间的增加,珠芽蓼凋落物P含量总体呈增加趋势。藏羊和牦牛对P含量的富集均有抑制作用,并且牦牛的抑制作用大于藏羊。     

不同中性洗涤纤维与非纤维性碳水化合物比值饲粮对肉用绵羊甲烷排放的影响

本试验旨在研究不同中性洗涤纤维(NDF)与非纤维性碳水化合物(NFC)比值(NDF/NFC)饲粮对肉用绵羊甲烷排放的影响。试验采用4×4完全拉丁方试验设计,将16只杜泊×小尾寒羊杂交羯羊随机分成4组,每组4只,按维持水平饲喂NDF/NFC分别为3.02(饲粮1)、2.32(饲粮2)、1.58(饲粮3)、1.04(饲粮4)的全混合颗粒饲粮(玉米秸秆为粗饲料来源)。试验共进行4期,每期18 d,包括3 d的调整期、7 d的预试期和8 d的正试期,在正试期内测定甲烷产量、饲粮总能和营养物质表观消化率。结果表明:饲粮2的甲烷日排放量显著高于饲粮3和4(43.43 L/d vs.38.88和35.98 L/d;P0.05)。与饲粮1相比,饲粮2和3的每千克干物质采食量(DMI)甲烷排放量显著增加(38.00 L/kg DMI vs.42.24、41.69 L/kg DMI;P0.05),但是饲粮2、3和4之间差异不显著(P0.05)。随着NDF/NFC的降低,每千克可消化有机物(DOM)的甲烷排放量逐渐降低,饲粮4的每千克DOM的甲烷排放量显著低于饲粮1、2和3(58.78 L/kg DOM vs.75.00、73.35和64.11 L/kg DOM;P0.05)。随着NDF/NFC的降低,每千克中性洗涤纤维采食量(NDFI)或酸性洗涤纤维采食量(ADFI)的甲烷排放量逐渐增加,且各饲粮之间差异显著(P0.05)。综上所述,结合各营养物质表观消化率和甲烷排放效率,在维持水平下,采用NDF/NFC为1.04的玉米秸秆饲粮作为肉用绵羊甲烷减排的饲粮最合适。     

The Effect of Anthelmintic Capsules on the Egg Output and Larval Viability of Drug-resistant Parasites

Challenge with an equal mix of drug-resistant and drug-susceptible larvae of Teladorsagia circumcincta resulted in infections in groups of lambs (n = 6) either untreated or given controlled-release capsules, containing either albendazole or ivermectin. Lambs treated with albendazole capsules contained similar numbers of adult worms at necropsy to the other groups but had no detectable faecal egg count. Animals treated with ivermectin capsules had similar worm burdens and faecal egg counts to the control group but the worms had significantly higher numbers of eggs in utero. These results provide evidence for suppression of egg production by both anthelmintic treatments. The observation that albendazole caused a significant reduction in the developmental success of parasite eggs also has implications for the use of faecal egg count as an indicator for pasture contamination with resistant parasites. In two further groups of lambs, either untreated or given albendazole capsules, treatment caused a significant reduction in egg count and adult worm burden of Trichostrongylus colubriformis. No significant effects were observed on in utero egg counts or egg viability and the apparent effect on the number of eggs produced in faeces per adult female was not significant (p = 0.077). There was, therefore, no evidence that albendazole controlled-release capsules caused suppression of egg output in this species.     

Aspects of the Pharmacokinetics of Albendazole Sulphoxide in Sheep

The plasma disposition kinetics of albendazole sulphoxide (ABZSO), ((+)ABZSO and (–)ABZSO) and its sulphone metabolite (ABZSO₂) were investigated in adult sheep. Six Corriedale sheep received albendazole sulphoxide by intravenous injection at 5 mg/kg live weight. Jugular blood samples were taken serially for 72 h and the plasma was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for albendazole (ABZ), ABZ sulphoxide (ABZSO) and albendazole sulphone (ABZSO₂). Albendazole was not detected in the plasma at any time after the treatment, ABZSO and ABZSO₂ being the main metabolites detected between 10 min and 48 h after treatment. A biexponential plasma concentration versus time curve was observed for both ABZSO and ABZSO₂ following the intravenous treatment. The plasma AUC values for ABZSO and ABZSO₂ were 52.0 and 10.8 (g.h)/ml, respectively. The ABZSO₂ metabolite was measurable in plasma between 10 min and 48 h after administration of ABZSO, reaching a peak concentration of 0.38 g/ml at 7.7 h after treatment. Using a chiral phase-based HPLC method, a biexponential plasma concentration versus time curve was observed for both ABZSO enantiomers. The total body clearance was higher for the (–) than for the (+) enantiomer, the values being 270.6 and 147.75 (ml/h)/kg, respectively. The elimination half-life of the (–) enantiomer was shorter than that of the (+) enantiomer, the values being 4.31 and 8.33 h, respectively. The enantiomeric ratio (+)ABZSO/(–)ABZSO at t ₀ was close to unity. However, the ratio in the plasma increased with time.     

A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Phase I Inactivated Vaccines to Reduce Shedding of Coxiella burnetii From Sheep and Goats From Routes of Public Health Importance

Q fever in humans and coxiellosis in livestock are both caused by Coxiella burnetii. The public health importance of vaccination against C. burnetii shedding from sheep and goats was evaluated using systematic review and meta‐analysis to provide evidence for policy direction to prevent potential zoonotic spread. Publications reporting shedding of C. burnetii in vaginal and uterine secretions, milk, placenta and faeces were included. A single observational (one goat) and seven experimental (four goat and three sheep) vaccine studies were included in the review. No relevant publications on other interventions were identified. Random effects meta‐analyses were performed for the risk of shedding in individuals in the control and vaccinated groups and for the mean difference in the level of bacterial shedding in sheep and goats stratified by age and previous exposure status. Limited data were available for further analytic evaluation. From the pooled analysis, an inactivated phase I vaccine significantly reduced the risk of shedding from uterine (RR = 0.10; 95%CI 0.05–0.20) secretions in previously sensitized goats. Individual studies reported significant risk reduction in milk (RR = 0.03; 95%CI 0.01–0.26), vaginal secretions (RR = 0.40; 95%CI 0.22–0.75) and faeces (RR = 0.79; 95%CI 0.63–0.97) from naïve goats. The pooled mean levels of bacteria shed from placental [mean difference (MD = ?5.24 Log₁₀; 95%CI ?6.75 to ?3.7)] and vaginal (MD = ?1.78 Log₁₀; 95%CI ?2.19 to ?1.38) routes were significantly decreased in vaccinated naïve goats compared with controls. Shedding through all other routes from vaccinated goats was not significantly different than shedding from control goats. No effect of vaccination was found on the risk of shedding or the mean level of shedding in vaccinated sheep compared with control sheep. Our conclusions are based on a limited amount of data with variable risk of systematic error.     

Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from sheep with fleece rot in northern and middle Jordan

A total of 162 sheep fleece samples were collected from 2315 sheep clinically examined for evidence of dermatitis. The sheep belonged to 32 flocks raised in northern and middle Jordan. Eighty-three samples showed no obvious abnormalities, whereas the remainder showed exudation (79 samples), fleece discoloration (18) and fleece roughness (40) and abscesses (7). Seventeen Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were obtained from these samples. Antibacterial resistance in vitro was common; resistance to tetracycline, amoxycillin, erythromycin and cotrimoxazole was shown by > 90% of the isolates. Resistance to norfloxacin (29.4% of isolates), ciprofloxacin (17.6%) and amikacin (17.6%) was also demonstrated. Fourteen isolates were serum resistant when assessed after 1-3 h incubation in sheep and calf sera, and their count increased by 2-2.9 and 2.5-3.5 respectively.     

半胱胺对藏绵羊断奶羔羊瘤胃pH值、总脱氢酶及TVFA的影响

试验研究了半胱胺(Cs)对藏绵羊断奶羔羊瘤胃pH值、总脱氢酶及TVFA的影响。将10只(公母各半)80日龄左右、体重平均为(16.00±0.31)kg、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的藏绵羊断奶羔羊随机分为2组(试验组和对照组),在日粮精料中添加300 mg/(kg·BW)的Cs,隔日添加1次,试验期42 d。正式试验当日及试验第7、14、21、28、35天的7:00、9:00、11:00、13:00、15:00、17:00、19:00、21:00、23:00、1:00、3:00、5:00于颈静脉采血样10 mL,同时采集瘤胃液10 mL,测定瘤胃pH值、总脱氢酶的活性和TVFA。检测结果表明,试验组精料中添加Cs使藏绵羊断奶羔羊瘤胃液pH值升高;血清尿素氮浓度降低,与对照组相比差异极显著(P0.01);瘤胃液总脱氢酶活力提高极其明显(P0.01);整个试验期内,半胱胺对瘤胃TVFA的影响极显著(P0.01)。     

Expression and Bioinformatic Analysis of ADIPOQ Gene in Hanper Sheep

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and biological characteristics of adiponectin (ADIPOQ) gene in longissimus dorsi muscle of Hanper sheep at different months of age.The ADIPOQ gene mRNA expression was detected in longissimus dorsi muscle of Hanper sheep at 3 different growth periods (1,7 and 13 months old) by Real-time quantitative PCR.The bioinformatics method was used to analyze the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of ADIPOQ gene,protein characteristics and network interaction protein.The results showed that ADIPOQ gene was expressed in longissimus dorsi muscle of Hanper sheep,which showed an increasing trend with the growth of the months age without significant difference (P>0.05).There was higher homology of ADIPOQ gene with Capra hircus (98.60%,99.00%) and Bos taurus (98.60%,87.00%) in nucleotide and amino acid sequences.The results of physical and chemical properties analysis showed that the molecular formula of ADIPOQ protein was C₁₁₇₂H₁₇₇₆N₃₁₄O₃₄₉S₅,the molecular mass was 26.00 ku,and the theoretical isoelectric point (pI) was 5.88,which suggested that the protein was acidic.The average value of ADIPOQ hydrophilic protein (GRAVY) was －0.403,which indicated that the protein was hydrophilic and didn’t belong to transmembrane protein.In addition,the signal peptide sequence was Met¹-Ala¹⁷,and the cleavage site was between Ala¹⁷ and Arg¹⁸.ADIPOQ existed collagen structure domain and C1Q conserved structure domain at position 45－101 and 101－237,respectively.The secondary structure mainly composed of random coil (66.95%).The construction of protein interaction network indicated that ADIPOQ might interact with ADIPOR1,ADIPOR2,CDH13 and LEP.The results provided a theoretical basis for further exploring the molecular biological functions of ADIPOQ gene in the process of muscle development in Hanper sheep.     

酵母硒对杜寒杂交羊生长性能、血常规和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮中添加酵母硒对杜寒杂交羊生长性能、血常规和血清生化指标的影响。选用40只体重(34kg左右)相近、健康状况良好的杜寒杂交断奶羔羊,随机分为4组,每组10只,进行单栏单只饲养。各组试验羊分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0(对照)、0.2、0.4和0.8mg/kg的硒(硒的形式为酵母硒)的试验饲粮,对应的试验饲粮中硒含量的实测值分别为0.074(对照)、0.307、0.491和0.846mg/kg。预试期10d,正试期20d。结果显示:随着硒添加量的增加,平均日增重呈先增加后降低的趋势,在硒添加量为0.2mg/kg时平均日增重最大。当硒添加量为0.2mg/kg时,杜寒杂交羊的料重比最低,极显著低于其他3个组(P<0.01)。当硒添加量为0.8mg/kg时,血小板计数最高,极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01)。当硒添加量为0.8mg/kg时,嗜碱性粒细胞百分数最高,极显著高于0.4mg/kg组(P<0.01)。饲粮中添加不同水平的硒对其他血常规指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。当硒添加量为0.8mg/kg时,血清中总蛋白、尿素氮和肌酐含量均最高,显著或极显著高于其他各组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。0.8mg/kg组血清中谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶的活性最高,显著或极显著高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。对照组血清中碱性磷酸酶的活性最高,与0.2mg/kg组差异不显著(P>0.05)。当硒添加量为0.8mg/kg时,血清中γ-谷氨酰转移酶的活性最高,极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01)。当硒添加量为0.8mg/kg时,血清中磷含量最高,极显著高于0.2和0.4mg/kg组(P<0.01)。当硒添加量为0.8mg/kg时,血清中铁含量最低,极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),同时0.4mg/kg组血清中铁含量也极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。综合本试验测定指标,杜寒杂交羊饲粮中酵母硒形式硒的适宜添加量为0.2mg/kg(饲粮中硒含量的实测值为0.307mg/kg)。     

“新吉”细毛羊改良当地绵羊的效果

实践证明,以"新吉"细毛羊为父本对东北细毛羊进行改良能够显著提高改良羊群的产毛性能,对原毛产量、净毛率、羊毛长度和细度的提高效果明显.改良率、羊毛长度和细度的提高效果明显.改良F<,2>代羊毛细度从东北细毛羊母本的60～64 s(24.3 μm)提高到了66～70 s(20.7 μm),羊毛长度从7.2 cm提高到8.1 cm,净毛率从38.5%提高到45.8%,原毛单产从4.0 kg提高到5.1 kg.特别是净毛单产从1.54 kg提高到2.34 kg,提高了0.80 kg,增产幅度高达51.95%.