Potential and cost of carbon sequestration in Indian agriculture: Estimates from long-term field experiments

Carbon sequestration in tropical soils has potential for mitigating global warming and increasing agricultural productivity. We analyzed 26 long-term experiments (LTEs) in different agro-climatic zones (ACZs) of India to assess the potential and cost of C sequestration. Data on initial and final soil organic C (SOC) concentration in the recommended N, P and K (NPK); recommended N, P and K plus farmyard manure (NPK + FYM) and unfertilized (control) treatments were used to calculate carbon sequestration potential (CSP) i.e., capacity to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) by increasing SOC stock, under different nutrient management scenarios. In most of the LTEs wheat equivalent yields were higher in the NPK + FYM treatment than the NPK treatment. However, partial factor productivity (PFP) was more with the NPK treatment. Average SOC concentration of the control treatment was 0.54%, which increased to 0.65% in the NPK treatment and 0.82% in the NPK + FYM treatment. Compared to the control treatment the NPK + FYM treatment sequestered 0.33 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ whereas the NPK treatment sequestered 0.16 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The CSP in different nutrient management scenarios ranged from 2.1 to 4.8 Mg C ha⁻¹ during the study period (average 16.9 yr) of the LTEs. In 17 out of 26 LTEs, the NPK + FYM treatment had higher SOC and also higher net return than that of the NPK treatment. In the remaining 9 LTEs SOC sequestration in the NPK + FYM treatment was accomplished with decreased net return suggesting that these are economically not attractive and farmers have to incur into additional cost to achieve C sequestration. The feasibility of SOC sequestration in terms of availability of FYM and other organic sources has been discussed in the paper.     

不同耕作措施下豆麦双序列轮作农田温室气体的排放特征及其增温潜势

基于甘肃农业大学在定西市李家堡镇开展的保护性耕作长期定位试验,采用CO2分析仪、静态箱-气相色谱法对2011年度不同耕作措施下豆麦双序列轮作农田土壤CO2和N2O的排放通量进行全年连续观测。结果表明:测定期内不同耕作措施下豆麦双序列轮作农田土壤均表现为CO2源和N2O源;免耕不覆盖有利于降低两个序列土壤的CO2排放通量,免耕秸秆覆盖、免耕不覆盖和传统耕作+秸秆还田三种保护性耕作处理不同程度的减少了两个序列土壤的N2O排放通量;两个序列下CO2的相对增温潜势最大,W→P→W序列传统耕作+秸秆还田处理对温室效应贡献最多,相反免耕不覆盖处理能相对减少温室气体排放量,从而降低温室效应;P→W→P序列传统耕作不覆盖处理对温室效应的贡献最大,传统耕作+秸秆还田处理对温室效应贡献最小,对温室气体有减排效应。     

Possibilities to reduce rice straw-induced global warming potential of a sandy paddy soil by combining hydrological manipulations and urea-N fertilizations

Global warming potential (GWP) of sandy paddy soils may be reduced by trade-offs between N₂O, CH₄ and CO₂ emissions. Laboratory experiments using either rice straw (1% or 0.5%) or together with urea-N (25 or 50 mg N kg⁻¹ soil) at various levels of soil water were carried out for 30 days each, to test this assumption. Waterlogging combined with urea-N increased total N₂O emissions, with greater release upon rewaterlogging (7.4 mg N kg⁻¹ soil) than experienced by removing waterlogging only. Rice straw±urea-N either emitted small amounts of N₂O or resulted in negative values at all water levels, including saturated and aerobic. Total CH₄ fluxes declined with the decreased water levels and amount of rice straw (<193 mg C kg⁻¹ soil), and also for CO₂ with the latter (<1340 mg C kg⁻¹ soil), and rewaterlogging had little influence on both. N₂O under rewaterlogged and waterlogged±urea-N, CH₄ under waterlogged with rice straw, and CO₂ for the remainder were the major contributors to GWP. Results show that waterlogging following aerobic decomposition of rice straw (1%) with urea-N, applied either at the beginning or at the end of the aerobic conditions, could decrease GWP by 56-64% and 32-42% over the sole addition of rice straw (1% and 0.5%) under waterlogged and saturated conditions, respectively.     

生物炭和腐殖酸施用对稻麦轮作系统CH4和N2O综合温室效应的影响

生物炭和腐殖酸对土壤C、N循环和作物产量均具有深刻影响。该试验以稻麦轮作系统为研究对象,探究生物炭和腐殖酸在经过1 a陈化后对土壤肥力、作物产量和温室气体排放的持续影响。设置了6个处理：B0F0(对照,不添加生物炭和腐殖酸);B0F1(不添加生物炭,腐殖酸添加量为0.6 t/hm²);B0F2(不添加生物炭,腐殖酸添加量为1.2 t/hm²);B1F0(生物炭添加量为20 t/hm²,不添加腐殖酸);B1F1(生物炭添加量为20 t/hm²,腐殖酸添加量为0.6 t/hm²);B1F2(生物炭添加量为20 t/hm²,腐殖酸添加量为1.2 t/hm²)。结果表明：1)试验期内,与B0F0相比,生物炭显著增加了稻麦两季土壤有机碳含量;腐殖酸增加了稻季土壤有机碳含量,对麦季土壤有机碳含量无显著影响;单独施用生物炭或腐殖酸对水稻和小麦产量均没有显著影响,生物炭和腐殖酸混施处理显著提高了小麦产量,增幅为1.0%～5.0%,对水稻产量没有显著影...     

减量施氮与间作大豆对华南地区甜玉米连作农田N2O排放的影响

通过3季大田试验,采用静态箱?气相色谱法对比研究了两种施氮水平[300 kg(N)?hm?2,N0;360 kg(N)?hm?2,N1]和3种种植模式[甜玉米∶大豆按2行∶3行(S2B3)和2行∶4行(S2B4)行数比间作,甜玉米单作(SS)]对华南地区甜玉米连作农田N2O排放情况的影响。结果表明,相比常规施氮,减量施氮显著降低了土壤N2O的全球增温潜势(GWPN2O,kg?hm?2),其中S2B4-N0的减排效果最好,其3季的土壤GWPN2O依次比S2B4-N1减少66.31%、84.08%和51.31%。种植模式对GWPN2O没有显著影响;间作和减量施氮均显著降低了单位产量的GWPN2O(即N2O排放强度,GHGIN2O,kg?t?1),其中S2B4-N0的减幅最大,其3季平均的GHGIN2O分别比SS-N0和S2B4-N1降低71.60%和71.21%;减量施氮不会影响作物产量且间作系统的土地当量比(LER)均大于1。因此,减量施氮下的甜玉米||大豆间作不仅能保证作物产量,提高土地利用率,而且能降低土壤N2O的排放,其中减量施氮水平下的甜玉米||大豆2行∶4行间作模式(S2B4-N0)的效益最佳。     

秸秆还田对稻麦两熟高产农田净增温潜势影响的初步研究

对长江下游稻麦两熟农田生态系统2009—2010年的CH4和N2O排放以及土壤碳固定进行了分析,初步研究了秸秆还田对稻麦两熟高产农田净增温潜势的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田对稻麦两熟高产农田周年CH4和N2O排放总量、土壤碳固定量以及净增温潜势均有显著或极显著影响：秸秆还田条件下周年CH4、N2O排放总量分别为394 kg CH4.hm-2、2.39 kg N2O.hm-2,土壤碳固定量、净增温潜势分别为1.14 t C·hm-2、6383 kg CO2-equivalents·hm-2;较秸秆不还田增加CH4排放总量152%、减少N2O排放总量14%、增加土壤碳固定量531%、增加净增温潜势57%。以上结果表明,秸秆还田使短期内稻麦两熟高产农田的温室效应明显提高,但其长期效果如何还有待观测。     

秸秆还田对稻麦两熟高产农田净增温潜势影响的初步研究

对长江下游稻麦两熟农田生态系统2009—2010年的CH4和N2O排放以及土壤碳固定进行了分析,初步研究了秸秆还田对稻麦两熟高产农田净增温潜势的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田对稻麦两熟高产农田周年CH4和N2O排放总量、土壤碳固定量以及净增温潜势均有显著或极显著影响:秸秆还田条件下周年CH4、N2O排放总量分别为394 kg CH4.hm-2、2.39 kg N2O.hm-2,土壤碳固定量、净增温潜势分别为1.14 t C·hm-2、6383 kg CO2-equivalents·hm-2;较秸秆不还田增加CH4排放总量152%、减少N2O排放总量14%、增加土壤碳固定量531%、增加净增温潜势57%。以上结果表明,秸秆还田使短期内稻麦两熟高产农田的温室效应明显提高,但其长期效果如何还有待观测。     

Effect of rates and sources of nitrogen on rice yield,nitrogen efficiency,and methane emission from irrigated rice cultivation

The agronomic benefits of manure application to increase rice production have been recognized, but the impact on global change has always been a controversial topic. This study was designed to determine the separate and combined effects of cattle manure (CM) and nitrogen (N) fertilizer on rice yield, N efficiency, and methane (CH₄) emissions from rice cultivation. A pot-scale experiment was conducted with four levels (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha^?1) of N from urea and two levels (120 and 180 kg ha^?1) of N from combination of urea and CM (Urea:CM = 60:60 and 60:120). Rice yield and physiological N efficiency were obtained using agronomic measurements. To determine the global warming potential (GWP) of each treatment, CH₄ emissions were measured throughout the rice-growing period. Grain yield (GY) was not significantly different between the treatments of 120 and 180 kg ha^?1 regardless of N source. However, both rates of CM treatments enhanced CH₄ emission and differences in GWP were significant. In conclusion, urea applied at 120 kg N ha^?1 was optimal for rice productivity and environmental impact (EI) despite CM played a crucial role in improving the N efficiency and total N in the soil after harvest.     

紫云英还田对早稻直播稻田温室气体排放的影响

为研究早稻直播条件下冬种紫云英翻压还田对稻田CH_4与N_2O排放的影响。选取南方双季稻区稻田为研究对象,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法监测冬闲-双季稻,不施氮肥(CK);冬闲,早晚稻每季施氮200 kg·hm~(-2)(N_(200));冬种紫云英全量还田,早晚稻均不施氮(CMV);冬种紫云英半量还田,早晚稻每季施氮100 kg·hm~(-2)(CMV+N_(100))等4个处理的CH_4与N_2O排放速率及其全球增温潜势(GWP)与单位粮食产量温室气体排放强度(GHGI)。结果表明,各处理CH_4排放峰主要在水稻种植初期至分蘖末期,早稻与晚稻出现最大峰值的处理分别是CMV(105.6 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1))和CMV+N_(100)(52.94 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1));N_2O排放峰主要出现在田间水稻种植初期至分蘖及田间水分干湿交替阶段,早稻晚稻最大峰值均为N_(200),分别为717.7μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和1 065.57μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1);与N_(200)相比,CMV+N_(100)增加了CH_4累积排放量,减少了N_2O的排放,且早稻季CH_4排放量低于晚稻季。与CK相比,施肥对于稻田GWP并无显著影响,其中CH_4对GWP的贡献可达90%以上;与N_(200)相比,CMV+N_(100)增加了早稻季GHGI,降低了晚稻季GHGI,而对双季稻GHGI并无显著影响。综上,早稻直播条件下紫云英还田配施氮肥虽然增加了稻田CH_4排放,但降低了N_2O排放,可降低晚稻田GHGI。     

有机肥对日光温室生菜地土壤温室气体排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究日光温室生菜地不施肥(CK)、施用腐熟鸡粪(H)、羊粪(S)、鸡粪+秸秆(HSt)、羊粪+秸秆(SSt)、羊粪+鸡粪+秸秆(SHSt)等6种处理的温室气体排放通量及增温潜势(GWP)。结果表明:(1)H、S、HSt处理的N_2O排放通量在施肥前、中、后期呈近"V"型变化,CK、SSt、SHSt呈倒"V"型变化;S、SSt、SHSt处理的CH_4排放通量呈倒"V"型变化;CO_2排放通量均呈近"V"型变化(SSt除外);(2)施肥前期,HSt、S、H、SHSt、SSt处理的N_2O排放通量分别较CK显著增加2.89、2.32、1.48、1.17、0.95倍;S、H的CH_4排放通量显著高于CK处理1.91、1.11倍;H的CO_2排放通量显著低于CK处理3.88倍。施肥中期,HSt的N_2O排放通量显著低于CK处理1.93倍;SHSt的CH_4排放通量显著高于CK处理1.34倍;各施肥处理的CO_2排放通量与CK差异不显著。施肥后期,H的N_2O排放通量显著高于CK处理1.10倍;SHSt、SSt、S的CH_4排放通量显著低于CK处理3.76、5.25、5.58倍;HSt的CO_2排放通量显著高于CK处理8.61倍;(3)全球增温潜势(GWP)按照SSHStHStSStCKH依次减小,建议施用腐熟鸡粪、鸡粪加秸秆及羊粪加秸秆。