Cloning and characterization of two glutathione S-transferases from pyrethroid-resistant Culex pipiens

BACKGROUND: The Marin strain of Culex pipiens Say is a pyrethroid‐resistant population that was collected in Marin County, California, in 2001 and subsequently maintained in the laboratory under regular permethrin exposure. RESULTS: In this study, two cDNAs, CpGSTd1 and CpGSTd2, encoding glutathione S‐transferase (GST) were cloned from Cx. pipiens Marin. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences, CpGSTD1 and CpGSTD2, of these genes indicated that they belong to the Delta class of insect GSTs. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of CpGSTd1 and CpGSTd2 were 59 and 48% identical respectively. CpGSTD1 and CpGSTD2 were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography. The recombinant GSTs exhibited unique selectivity towards the general GST substrates 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and 1,2‐dichloro‐4‐nitrobenzene (DCNB), and also differed in their sensitivity to known inhibitors of GSTs. CpGSTD1 exhibited peroxidase activity with cumene hydroperoxide, while CpGSTD2 appeared to lack this activity. CpGSTD1 was able to metabolize 1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis(4‐chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), while DDT metabolism by CpGSTD2 was not detectable. CpGSTD1 and CpGSTD2 showed no detectable metabolism of permethrin. Gene expression of CpGSTd1 and CpGSTd2 in Marin mosquitoes was elevated about twofold in comparison with that found in a pyrethroid‐sensitive mosquito strain. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that CpGSTD1 and CpGSTD2 have unique biochemical characteristics, but they do not appear to play major roles in permethrin resistance in Marin mosquitoes. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

谷胱甘肽转移酶标签蛋白单克隆抗体的制备

以纯化的谷胱甘肽转移酶标签蛋白(GST)免疫BALB/c小鼠,按常规方法进行细胞融合,用纯化的GST筛选,最终获得一株抗GST的杂交瘤细胞系(命名为1D10),染色体平均记数为90对,间接ELISA检测1D10细胞培养上清的效价为1:4 000。腹水效价为1:5×107,该单抗可以特异识别GST蛋白和带有GST标签(GST-tagged)的融合蛋白。     

牛金属硫蛋白素bMTcin编码区的克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达研究

以本实验室由RT-PCR扩增得到的含有牛金属硫蛋白（bMT）cDNA的重组质粒pYJ101为模板，PCR扩增出牛金属硫蛋白素bMTcin的编码区，将其克隆到pGEM-T载体上并进行DNA序列测定。利用融合表达载体pGEX4T-1，在E.coli中诱导表达bMTcin，经过Glutathine Sepharose 4B亲和层析纯化后，SDS-PAGE检测GST:bMTcin的条带。结果表明，所克隆的bMTcin序列全长为141bp，其DNA序列与原模板中的序列完全相同，与GenBank中另外5个bMTcinDNA相比，第31位和86位与Conneely的序列为A和G，导致第11位（Thr）第29位（Arg）的氨基酸不同于其他4个序列（11位为Ala，29位为Lys）。融合表达蛋白GST:bMTcin的表达量大约为1.1mg/L发酵液。     

镉胁迫下两种水稻GSH和GST应答差异的研究

还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)是水稻解毒系统中的重要组成部分.采用水培法研究了耐性不同的两种水稻(特优559和K优818)在不同程度镉(Cd)胁迫下GSH和GST的变化情况.结果表明,Cd处理导致两种水稻生物昔减少、Cd吸收积累增加,水稻根部Cd含量和积累量均高于地上部,但Cd从水稻根部向地上部的转运存在明显的种间差异,耐性较弱的特优559的Cd转移率(S/R)随处理Cd浓度提高而上升,而耐性较强的K优818则恰好相反,将Cd更多地钝化在根部.两种水稻GSH和GST的变化趋势也有所不同,Cd胁迫使特优559的GSH含量和GST活性显著增加,而K优818的GSH在低浓度Cd处理时出现了小幅下降,但其GST活性变化与特优559相似,根部增幅更为显著.以上结果说明,水稻GSH和GST在Cd解毒和钝化过程中发挥了重要的作用,而且其应答机制存在着一定的基因型差异,这可能与两品种GST同功酶的组成、表达和功能不同有关.     

基于转录组测序对茶树GST基因表达的研究

谷胱甘肽转移酶(Glutathione S-transferases,GSTs)在植物体内普遍存在,是一类具有多种生物学功能的超家族蛋白酶。本研究通过对中黄2号、龙井43在正常光照和遮荫处理下的转录组测序,筛选获得了49个Cs GSTs基因家族成员,并对其中19个在芽叶中表达量较高的Cs GSTs基因进行了序列分析和聚类分析。另外对表达量较高的8个候选基因进行荧光定量表达分析,研究它们在龙井43不同叶位中的表达模式。结果表明这些Cs GSTs基因在一芽一叶到第六叶中均有表达,但各自呈现出不同的变化规律。Cs GST20在龙井43一芽一叶到第六叶中的表达量逐渐上升,可能与植物抗胁迫有关,而Cs GST24的表达量则显著下降,可能与花青素代谢有关。     

谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶-ASPP2融合蛋白的原核表达及纯化

为表达并初步纯化包含ASPP2活性区域和不包含其活性区域的谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)-ASPP2融合蛋白。采用PCR扩增两段ASPP2基因短片段,在引物5'端和3'端分别引入BamHⅠ和EcoRⅠ酶切位点,将其克隆进入原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1;异丙基硫代-半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导重组质粒pGEX-4T-1-ASPP2在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达同时带有谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)标签的融合蛋白;超声法裂解大肠杆菌,应用谷胱苷肽琼脂糖树脂纯化可溶的GST-ASPP2融合蛋白;通过SDS-PAGE和Western blot验证GST-ASPP2融合蛋白的表达。结果表明,已成功的构建了GST-ASPP2小片段融合蛋白表达载体,在Western blot分析中,4个蛋白条带均能被鼠抗GST单克隆抗体特异性识别,条带所在位置和GST-ASPP2的分子质量相符。构建了GST-ASPP2重组质粒,在大肠杆菌BL21中高效表达GST-ASPP2融合蛋白,为进一步研究ASPP2全长,N-末端和C-末端生理意义奠定了基础。     

沉积物中人工纳米颗粒对BDE-47生态毒性的影响

为评价淡水沉积物中人工纳米颗粒对持久性有机污染物生态毒性的影响,以底栖动物铜锈环棱螺为受试生物,采用沉积物慢性生物测试研究了非毒性浓度的不同管径多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)和两种金属氧化物纳米颗粒(三氧化二铝纳米颗粒Al₂O₃-NPs和二氧化钛纳米颗粒TiO₂-NPs)存在条件下不同浓度2, 2', 4, 4'-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)对铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明,两种管径大小的MWCNTs不影响低浓度(100 ng·g^-1) BDE-47对铜锈环棱螺的毒性,但显著降低较高浓度(500、2000 ng·g^-1)BDE-47对铜锈环棱螺的毒性,小管径MWCNTs对BDE-47毒性的影响稍大于大管径MWCNTs;Al₂O₃-NPs和TiO₂-NPs对低浓度BDE-47的毒性没有影响,但显著增加较高浓度BDE-47对铜锈环棱螺的毒性,TiO₂-NPs对BDE-47毒性的影响略大于非毒性浓度Al₂O₃-NPs.这表明,沉积物中不同种类和类型的纳米颗粒对有机污染物生态毒性的影响存在明显差异.     

An assay for quantitative virulence in Rhynchosporium commune reveals an association between effector genotype and virulence

Detailed knowledge of the evolutionary genetics of virulence is needed to understand and predict host–pathogen dynamics. This study used a virulence assay based on digital image analysis and treated virulence as a quantitative rather than a binary trait. Such quantitative data may better reflect the genetic underpinning of virulence in many pathogen systems and provide better resolution in statistical investigations. A greenhouse experiment based on a common garden design was conducted to measure virulence (% of leaf area covered by lesions) of 126 genetically distinct isolates of the barley scald pathogen, Rhynchosporium commune, originating from nine field populations around the world. Virulence in this pathosystem was found to be a quantitative trait with a continuous distribution in all populations. By comparing population genetic differentiation for virulence and neutral microsatellite markers (i.e. a Q_ST/G_ST comparison), evidence that virulence is under stabilizing selection across populations was found. Heritability values were high and ranged from 0·52 to 0·96 with a mean heritability of 0·84. Virulence was positively correlated with spore production as predicted by the trade‐off theory of virulence evolution. Furthermore, an association analysis between virulence and sequence haplotypes of three known necrosis‐inducing effector genes (NIP1, NIP2 and NIP3) revealed a significant effect of NIP2 haplotypes and NIP1 deletions. Overall, the results support a quantitative model for virulence in the R. commune–barley pathosystem and very high evolutionary potential for this trait.     

Identification and expression pattern of a glutathione S‐transferase in Echinochloa crus‐galli

Plant glutathione S‐transferase (GST) forms a major part of the herbicide detoxification enzyme network in plants. A GST cDNA was isolated from Echinochloa crus‐galli and characterised. The gene, designated EcGST1 (E. crus‐galli GeneBank no: JX518596 ), has a 684 bp open reading frame predicted to encode a 25 kD protein. Sequence alignment showed that EcGST1 is a GST homologue. Its expression in response to quinclorac treatment was monitored in seedlings (leaves and roots) and adult plants (leaves, roots, stems and seeds) of quinclorac‐resistant (R) and susceptible (S) biotypes of E. crus‐galli. EcGST1 expression was 1.5–3 times greater in the R plants than in the S plants. However, after exposure to quinclorac, the difference in the expression levels of EcGST1 in R plants, compared with S plants, increased to a ratio of 6–10. Enhanced EcGST1 levels should enable greater quinclorac detoxification following quinclorac stimulation in R plants. GST‐based metabolism may be partially responsible for resistance to quinclorac in E. crus‐galli. The results suggest a new resistance mechanism for this R biotype in Chinese rice fields.     

Quantification of GST and esterase activities in pyrethrin-resistant mosquitoes using pyrethroid-like fluorescent substrates

Botanical pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids are highly potent and environmentally safe insecticides that are used to control a wide range of disease vector and pest arthropods. Unfortunately, resistance to these insecticides has been demonstrated in numerous medically important mosquito species. In this study, adult Culex pipiens sensu lato were captured in agricultural and urban locations in Fresno County, California, and subsequently exposed to a commercial formulation of pyrethrin insecticide by ultra-low-volume spraying. Following insecticide exposure, two pyrethroid-like, fluorescent substrates (4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-6-yl, cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (cis-DCVC) and 4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-6-yl, cis-3-((Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (cis-TFMCVC)) and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) were used to measure esterase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in surviving mosquitoes. Elevated esterase activity (2.5-fold) was found in surviving urban mosquitoes at 12-h post-pyrethrin exposure (in comparison to non-insecticide-exposed control mosquitoes) when cis-TFMCVC was used as a substrate. Additionally, when CDNB was used as a substrate, 2.8-fold higher GST activity was found. A simple assay was established using our pyrethroid-like, fluorescent substrates that was able to detect low-level esterase activities in homogenates made from individual mosquitoes. The cis-TFMCVC-based assay suggested that esterase activity plays a role in pyrethrin resistance in urban mosquitoes in California.