Lavender and hyssop productivity, oil content, and bioactivity as a function of harvest time and drying

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the productivity and essential oil composition of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) and hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) as functions of year, harvest time, and drying. Lavender essential oil content ranged from 0.71 to 1.3% (overall average of 0.89%) and hyssop oil content ranged from 0.13 to 0.26% (overall average of 0.19%). Lavender and hyssop essential oil yields increased with time. Hyssop oil yields varied from 7.3 kg ha⁻¹ to 19.6 kg ha⁻¹, and lavender oil yields varied from 7.8 kg ha⁻¹ to 55.5 kg ha⁻¹. The major constituents of lavender oil were linalool (23.3-43.4%) and linalylacetate (20.2-39.6%), while the major constituents of hyssop oil were pinocamphene + isopinocamphene (57-75%) and β-pinene (5-15%). Lavender oil extracted from dry material had higher concentrations of linalyl acetate and caryophyllene but lower concentrations of myrcene than the oil from the fresh material. Delayed harvest of hyssop increased the concentrations of β-pinene, myrcene, and limonene + cineole but reduced pinocamphone + isopinocamphone. The chemical composition of the lavender and hyssop oil produced in Mississippi was similar to commercial oils from Bulgaria, Canada, France, and US. Lavender and hyssop can be established as essential oil crops in areas of the southeastern United States. Lavender and hyssop essential oils did not show significant antimicrobial, antileishmanial, antimalarial activity, and did not alter ruminal fermentation. However, commercial oil from L. latifolia reduced methane production in an in vitro digestibility study. The antioxidant activity of hyssop essential oil was 2039 μmol of TE L⁻¹, whereas the antioxidant activity of lavender essential oil was 328 μmol of TE L⁻¹.     

土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的测定及消解动态研究

建立了土壤中邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯（DNOP）,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯（BBP）的气相色谱-质谱（GC—MS）联用测定方法。土壤样品经过超声提取,Al2O3小柱净化,进气相色谱-质谱联用检测,三种邻苯二甲酸酯在0．05—5mg／l范围内呈现良好的线性,检测限低至0．02μg／l。所建立的方法准确度高,灵敏度好,适合土壤样品中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定。通过消解动态试验,得到了DNOP和DBP在土壤中的消解规律,其消解过程符合一级动力学关系Ci=C0e^-kt,实验获得了DNOP和DBP的消解动态方程和半衰期,DBP消解半衰期为1．5d,DNOP消解半衰期为5．9d。     

酿造大麦挥发性风味物质组成分析

为给啤酒风味的稳定性研究提供借鉴,利用固相微萃取与气-质联用分析了两个优质酿造大麦品种Sabastian和Gairdner中的挥发性风味物质组成.在两个大麦品种中共分析鉴定出34种化合物,Sabastian中检出28种,Gairdner中检出32种.在Sabastian中共检出醛类化合物11种,占总质量分数的17.58％;醇类化合物7种,占总质量分数的7.32％;酮类3种,占总质量分数的13.08％;酸类化合物2种,占总质量分数的8.41％;其他类化合物5种,占总质量分数的9.54％.在Gairdner中共检出醛类化合物10种,占总质量分数的38.36％;醇类化合物9种,占总质量分数的25.36％;酮类化合物4种,占总质量分数的9.07％;酸类化合物2种,占总质量分数的6.81％;其他类型化合物7种,占总质量分数的7.77％.两个大麦品种中含量较高的成分为正己醛(Sabastian,13.56％;Gairdner,30.76％)、丙酮(Sabastian,12.82％;Gairdner,8.39％)、乙酸(Sabastian,8.00％;Gairdner,4.86％).作为大麦特征风味物质的异戊醛和2-甲基丁醛的含量在Sabastian中分别为0.51％和0.79％,在Gairdner中分别为1.93％和1.72％.     

Rice bran, a potential source of biodiesel production in Indonesia

Biodiesel is a biodegradable, renewable, non-toxic and environmentally friendly alternative fuel. The cost of raw materials comprises 60-88% of the production cost in commercial biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs) production. Therefore, the use of low-cost raw material as a substrate and an in situ process for biodiesel production are being preferred. In this case, rice bran, which contains 13.5% oil, was an interesting substrate. In situ esterification of high-acidity rice bran with methanol and sulfuric acid catalyst was investigated. The individual and interaction effects of methanol to rice bran ratio, sulfuric acid catalyst concentration and reaction time on purity and recovery of biodiesel were discussed. Our results suggest that under the following operation conditions: methanol to rice bran ratio of 5 mL/g, sulfuric acid concentration in methanol of 1.5 vol.%, and reaction time of 60 min, an in situ esterification operated on rice bran could yield FAMEs with a high purity and recovery. By applying an in situ esterification with n-hexane/water extractions, Indonesia will be succesfull in obtaining biodiesel from rice bran up to 96,000 ton per year.     

不同品种亚麻籽脂肪酸含量的GC—MS分析

对35份不同品种的亚麻籽,用无水乙醚提取亚麻籽油,经皂化、甲酯化处理,采用气相色谱一质谱（GC—MS）联用技术对其脂肪酸含量进行测定。结果表明,亚麻籽油中的平均脂肪酸含量顺序为亚麻酸（41．62％）〉油酸（25．87％）〉亚油酸（17．18％）〉硬脂酸（6．59％）〉棕榈酸（6．46％）,不饱和脂肪酸含量高达85％。     

HPLC和GC分析人参中腐酶利残留含量

目的建立人参样品中农药腐酶利残留含量测定方法。方法高效液相色谱法：SYMMETRYC18150mm×4．6mm（i．d）色谱柱,以乙腈一水（60：40）为流动相,检测波长为220nm;气相色谱法：30m×0．32mm（内径）×0．25μm（膜厚）,AB—1石英毛细管柱,外标法,ECD检测器进行定量分析。结果,HPLC、GC法测得的人参样品中腐酶利含量分别为6201μg／kg、636μg／kg。结论简便、快速,适合人参中农药腐霉利残留含量检测。     

白玫瑰挥发油化学成分的研究

本研究采用GC/MS/DS联用技术,分析了白玫瑰花挥发油的化学成分。从分离的的44化合物中,鉴定了41个组分,占挥发油总含量的97.64%。白玫瑰挥发油的主要成分是β—笨乙醇,含量高达86.53%,其次是丁香酚(4.75%)和香叶醇(2.45%)。     

气相色谱法测定芒果中咪鲜胺残留

建立咪鲜胺在芒果中残留量的毛细管气相色谱检测方法。样品采用丙酮提取后,用二氯甲烷萃取,在高温下与吡啶盐酸盐发生水解反应,再用石油醚萃取,浓硫酸净化,用电子捕获检测器进行测定。结果表明,该方法的最低检出限为0.005mg/kg,不同水平的添加回收率为83.3%～103%,RSD为3.9%～5.0%。方法操作简便,达到了残留分析的要求。     

杧果‘汤米·阿京斯’香气特征分析

以杧果品种‘汤米·阿京斯’的叶片和果肉为材料,通过固相微萃取结合气相色谱/质谱法,分析和鉴定挥发性物质的组成。分别检测出叶片和果肉中挥发性物质64和51种。果肉中的主要挥发性成分为萜烯类化合物和苯甲醛;果肉中所特有的且含量较高的香料物质为3-蒈烯和苯甲醛,二者含量占56.68%。对果肉中挥发性物质的香味进行分析,结果发现其包含14种香型,其中果香、松香和木香是最主要的香韵类型,对松香味有贡献的化合物包括α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、月桂烯和α-水芹烯,其中3-蒈烯贡献最大。     

曹州木瓜果实香气物质的研究

利用顶空固相微萃取法提取芳香物质,气相色谱-质谱联机定性定量分析,测定曹州木瓜狮子头、剩花、豆青和玉兰的挥发性物质,并对木瓜不同品种的香气组分进行分析探讨.共测定出145种香气组分,曹州木瓜狮子头、剩花、豆青和玉兰分别为70、70、69和70种,各自占总峰面积的99.88%、99.7%、99.97%、99.37%,以醇类、醛类、烯烷类、酮类、酯类、杂环类等为主,其中又以C6醇(如1-己醇、2,4-己二烯-1-醇、反式-2-甲基-环戊醇等)、C6醛[(E)-2-己烯醛、2-己烯醛、E,E-2,4-己二烯醛等]居多.结果表明:狮子头、剩花、豆青和玉兰不同品种香气组分存在一定的差异,但大部分主要组分相同;主要组分含量差异是曹州木瓜不同品种间香气不同的主要原因.