Use of recombinant substitution lines for gene mapping and QTL analysis of bread making quality in wheat

Three populations of 41 to 74 homozygous recombinant substitutionlines (RSLs) were used for RFLP mapping and quantitative trait analysis ofthe following parameters: total proteins (%prot), SDS-sedimentationvolume (SDSsed), bread mixing time (Bmxt) and loaf volume (Blvol). TheRSLs were developed from crosses between disomic substitution linesinvolving chromosomes 1A, 1B, and 1D of the high-quality wheat cv.`Cheyenne' (Cnn) substituted into the genetic background of the poorquality cv. `Chinese Spring' (CS). The QTL analysis indicated regions in thethree chromosomes responsible for the differences between CS and thethree disomic substitution lines. The major effect detected on chromosome1A of Cnn was high SDSsed, Bmxt and Blvol associated with the H-M-WGlutenin subunit locus Glu-A1. In addition a QTL was identifieddistally on the long arm of chromosome 1A for Bmxt and Blvol. Ahigh %prot QTL was mapped on the long arm of chromosome 1B of CSand a high Bmxt QTL was mapped on the long arm of chromosome 1B ofCnn. Additionally, this chromosome enhanced SDSsed, Bmxt and Blvol,which were associated with the region of the gliadin and L-M-W Gluteninsubunit locus Gli-B1/Glu-B3. A second more proximal region on theshort arm of chromosome 1B could be involved in loaf volume. QTLanalyses for% prot, showed a strong clear QTL mapped in the centromericregion (XTri/Centromere linkage group) of chromosome 1D with anapparent positive effect brought by CS. For Blvol we revealed two QTLs inopposite phase: one in the Xtri/Centromere region with a positive effect ofCS allele, one in the Glu-D1 region with a positive effect of Cnnallele. This organization `in repulsion' in the parental lines could explain thesmall difference between them for Blvol and the significant transgressionobserved among the RSLs. No clear candidate gene explained the positiveeffect of the centromeric region of CS on %prot and Blvol. Contrary to thecurrent belief that wheat bread-making quality is determined primarily byvariation at the Glu-1 locus, present results showed that the trait isunder a complex control and the Glu-1 loci was only a component ofthe genetic control of the trait.     

小麦-黑麦二体代换系间杂交诱导染色体易位的研究

摘 要：小麦-黑麦二体代换系间杂交,是诱导小麦-黑麦染色体易位的重要途径,有理论与应用价值。本研究利用DS1R/1D与DS5R/5A、DS6R/6A杂交,结果表明,F1减数分裂有19个二价体、4个单价体,有部分同源染色体配对和染色体易位现象;F2 对带有黑麦性状的24株普通小麦类型植株进行原位杂交检测,共检测出10株有染色体易位,易位频率为41.6%。易位株系为：06-16-7、06-16-3、06-16-5、06-16-7、06-16-8、06-17-7、0617-11、06-17-15、06-17-16、06-18-5。由于亲本选配、检测植株有一定的目的性,易位植株均表现有一定的应用价值。     

基于CSSSLs的水稻穗长QTL的定位

穗长是影响水稻产量的重要因子之一,是典型的数量性状,遗传基础复杂,且易受环境等因素的影响。染色体单片段代换系(Chromosome single segment substitution lines,CSSSLs)减少了个体间遗传背景的干扰,是鉴定复杂性状QTL的新型遗传材料。本研究以广陆矮4号为受体、日本晴为供体的85个染色体单片段代换系群体为试验材料,通过单因素方差分析和Dunnett’s多重比较测验单片段代换系与受体亲本广陆矮4号之间穗长的差异,对代换片段上穗长QTL进行了鉴定。以P<0.001为阈值,共检测到22个穗长QTLs,分布于除第10染色体以外的11条染色体上,其加性效应值的变化范围为-2.63～3.87,加性效应百分率变化范围为-11.47%～16.88%。这些QTLs的鉴定,为进一步克隆穗长QTL以及水稻穗长的分子改良提供了重要的依据。     

Identification and application of major quantitative trait loci for panicle length in rice (Oryza sativa) through single‐segment substitution lines

Panicle length (PL), an important yield‐related trait, strongly affects yield components, such as grain number, grain density and rice quality. More than 200 panicle length quantitative trait loci (PL QTLs) are identified, but only a small number are applied in rice breeding. In this study, we performed QTL analysis for PL using 42 single‐segment substitution lines (SSSLs) derived from nine donors in the genetic background of HJX74. Fourteen QTLs and five heterosis QTLs (HQTLs) for PL were recognised. Three QTLs and four HQTLs acted positively, and the other eleven QTLs and one HQTL acted negatively. By scanning the single heterozygous background region of the F₂ population with large‐genetic‐effect SSSLs, we mapped PL loci qPL6‐2 and qPL7‐1 to different locations on chromosomes 6 and 7, respectively, in three consecutive years of independent trials. The genetic effects of these QTLs were further assessed. qPL6‐2 demonstrated the most positive additive effect (QTL), whereas qPL7‐1 achieved the most positive dominant effect (HQTL) for PL. These results indicated that the pyramiding of PL QTLs might increase grain yield and facilitate the application of the beneficial allele in hybrid rice breeding.     

Genetic studies of antifreeze proteins and their correlation with winter survival in wheat

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) accumulate in the leaves of winter cereals during cold acclimation, where they may inhibit ice recrystallization during freezing and thawing cycles and provide nonspecific disease resistance. In this study, 21 wheat chromosome substitution lines and the parental lines Chinese Spring and Cheyenne wheat were used to determine the heritability of AFPs and the relationship between the accumulation of AFPs and winter survival. In cold-acclimated lines, antifreeze activity in leaf apoplastic extracts ranged from 1 (low) to 5 (high) with an average value of 3.2, and the accumulation of apoplastic proteins ranged from 30 μg (g FW)^-1 to 115 μg (g FW)^-1 with a mean value of 70 μ (g FW)^-1. Examination of the individual lines revealed that Cheyenne chromosomes 5B and 5D carry major regulatory genes that increase both antifreeze activity and the accumulation of antifreeze proteins in plants grown at low temperature. Substitution lines carrying Cheyenne chromosomes 2A, 3A, 6B, and 7A exhibited lower freezing tolerance and also showed a marked decrease in the accumulation of specific AFPs during cold acclimation. Antifreeze activity and apoplastic protein content were not correlated with freezing tolerance (defined as % survival at -11 °C), but they were both significantly and positively correlated with winter field survival rates. Antifreeze activity (positively correlated) and total leaf fresh weight (negatively correlated) together accounted for about 55% of the variation in winter survival, indicating that high antifreeze activity and slow vegetative growth at low temperature are both important quantitative traits for winter survival. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

中国农业机械化高速发展阶段的要素替代机制研究

剖析中国农业机械化高速发展时期农业机械对劳动力的替代情况,研究要素替代的阶段性特征及延续性,是一个兼具理论意义和政策参考价值的课题。该文利用超越对数成本函数测算了2004—2016年小麦、玉米和水稻3大粮食作物生产中机械对劳动的替代弹性,重点关注了作物和地区差异及其时空变化特征。结果表明:1)中国农业机械化出现了"黄金十年"发展期,主要原因是实现了机械对劳动力广泛、有效和持续替代,小麦、玉米和水稻生产中的替代弹性分别达到0.581、1.324和1.153。2)随着机械化水平提高,机械对劳动的替代弹性趋于下降,粮食作物机械化水平进一步提升的难度加大。3)替代弹性存在地区差异,南方低缓丘陵区和西南丘陵山区普遍高于其他区域,机械化水平提升空间较大,有望保持快速增长。4)替代弹性的时空收敛性变化特征解释了当前农机化进程放缓的现象,也意味着继续推进农业机械化面临着一定的困难和挑战。如果未来中国农业机械化要延续"黄金十年"的增长趋势,需要打破现有发展格局,重点从提升丘陵山区机械化水平,推进全面、全程机械化等方面着手。     

Control and inheritance of resistance to yellow rust in Triticum aestivum-Lophopyrum elongatum chromosome substitution lines

A set of T. aestivum-L. elongatum chromosome substitution lines was tested for yellow rust resistance at the seedling stage. Inheritance of the resistance and esterase-5 (Est-5) variation were studied. The results demonstrated that L.elongatum carried a new gene(s) conferring yellow rust resistance. This gene was dominant and located on chromosome 3E of L. elongatum. The biochemical locus encoding Est-5was also located on chromosome 3E, and co-segregated with theYr gene(s) in the wheat background. The transmission frequencies of chromosome 3E in 3E(3A) × CS, 3E(3B) × CS and 3E(3D) × CS hybrids were scored.None of the hybrids transmitted the alien chromosome at thetheoretical maximum rate, but the transmission frequencies ofchromosome 3E in F₂ populations of 3E(3A) × CS and 3E(3D) × CS were significantly higher than in thatof 3E(3B) × CS.     

A new powdery mildew resistance gene: Introgression from wild emmer into common wheat and RFLP-based mapping

An Israeli accession (TTD140) of wild emmer, Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides, was found resistant to several races of powdery mildew. Inoculation of the chromosome-arm substitution lines (CASLs) of TTD140, in the background of the Israeli common wheat cultivar ‘Bethlehem’ (BL), with five isolates of powdery mildew revealed that only the line carrying the short arm of chromosome 2B of wild emmer (CASL 2BS) exhibited complete resistance to four of the five isolates. To map and tag the powdery mildew resistance gene, 41 recombinant substitution lines, derived from a cross between BL and CASL 2BS, were used to construct a linkage map at the gene region. The map, which encompasses 69.5 cM of the distal region of chromosome arm 2BS, contains six RFLP markers, a morphological marker (glaucousness inhibitor, W1 ^I), and the powdery mildew resistance gene. Segregation ratios for resistance in F₂ of BL × CASL 2BS and in the recombinant lines, combined with the susceptability of F₁ progeny to all tested isolates, indicate that resistance is controlled by a single recessive allele. This alleleco-segregated with a polymorphic locus detected by the DNA marker Xwg516, 49.4 cM from the terminal marker Xcdo456. The new powdery mildew resistance gene was designated Pm26. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

农机服务对中国粮食生产效率影响研究

研究农机服务对中国粮食生产效率的影响并分析其作用路径,有利于为农机服务的进一步发展提供参考.基于2009-2018年中国31个省粮食生产的投入产出数据,利用DEA模型测算粮食生产效率,运用Tobit模型分析农机服务水平对粮食生产效率的影响,最后从资本要素对劳动要素的替代效应和技术要素投入效应两方面解释农机服务提高粮食生...     

不同有机替代方式下稻田土壤胶体磷流失潜力研究

土壤胶体因具有较大的比表面积及较强的吸附与迁移能力，其所携带的磷（胶体磷）已成为农田磷流失过程中的重要形态。为评估不同有机替代方式下稻田土壤胶体磷（P_coll）的活性和流失潜力，本文依托两种有机肥部分替代化肥（控氮控磷与控氮不控磷）方式下稻麦轮作长期定位试验，探讨了P_coll含量变化、流失风险及其与不同土壤活性磷组分之间的关系。控氮控磷试验（4 a）设有3个处理：不施磷肥（CK）、单施化肥（CF）、猪粪有机肥替代30%化学磷肥（OF）；控氮不控磷试验（24 a）设有3个处理：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（CF）、猪粪有机肥替代40%化学氮肥（OF）。结果表明：在控氮控磷条件下，有机替代处理较单施化肥处理，土壤有机碳（SOC）、P_coll含量及其流失潜力（LPP）均无显著性差异，胶体钼蓝反应磷占比（R_MRP，MRP_coll/P_coll）显著降低1.76%（P < 0.05）。在控氮不控磷条件下，有机替代处理的土壤P_coll和SOC含量分别为13.08 mg/kg和20.19 g/kg，显著高于单施化肥78%和212.6%（P < 0.05）；较单施化肥，土壤LPP和R_MRP分别显著升高了1.89%和16.05%（P < 0.05）。两种有机替代方式下土壤P_coll与土壤全磷（TP）、真溶解态磷（TSP）、Olsen-P、CaCl₂-P等均呈极显著正相关（P < 0.01）；与土壤有机碳（SOC）在控氮不控磷条件下呈极显著正相关（P < 0.01），在控氮控磷条件下无显著相关性。以上结果表明，较控氮控磷有机替代方式，长期仅控氮的有机肥施用显著增加了土壤有机碳、胶体磷和不同活性磷组分含量，磷流失风险升高。因此，有机肥部分替代化肥养分等量控制是改善农田磷流失可行的施肥方式。