Nucleus substitution of Brassica japonica Sieb. with Raphanus sativus L. and its resultant chlorophyll deficiency

Summary Nucleus substitution of Brassica japonica (2n=20) with Raphanus sativus (2n=18) was carried out by means of repeated backcrossing of Brassicoraphavus (2n=37) to R. sativus as a pollen donor. In the course of nucleus substitution, chlorophyll deficiency appeared. Plants with more than 28 chromosomes, like their parents, had green leaves and those with 24 to 26 chromosomes had yellowish green ones. Almost all plants with 18 to 23 chromosomes showed yellow or whitish yellow. The R. sativus with B. japonica cytoplasm (2n=18) was obtained after four successive backerosses. The completely substituted R. sativus showed the same fertility as the true R. sativus used as a recurrent parent. It is assumed that the chlorophyll deficiency is caused by disharmony between the B. japonica cytoplasm and the R. sativus nucleus. The chlorophyll deficiency is discussed in comparison with male sterility or other characters which sometimes occur in alloplasmic Raphanus and Brassica species.     

Carbon Accumulation and Fossil Fuel Substitution During Different Rotation Scenarios

Accumulation of carbon (C) in biomass and soil, and using forest residues for bioenergy are examples of forestry’s contribution to reducing the enhanced concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The aim of this report was to study the effect of rotation length on carbon accumulation in biomass and soil, and on the amount of forest residues that could substitute fossil fuel during 2000–2100. Two models, based on inventory data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory, were used to simulate the effects of a changed rotation length in the region of Dalarna (1.8 × 10⁶ ha), in central Sweden. During the studied period, the accumulation of carbon in biomass was 32 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 larger for the prolonged rotation period and 105 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 smaller for the shortened rotation period compared with the base scenario. The build-up of carbon in forest soil was 23 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 larger for the prolonged rotation than for the base scenario, whereas the shortened rotation was 24 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 smaller than the base scenario. The potential to substitute fossil fuel was 37 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 larger for the shortened rotation and 17 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 smaller for the prolonged rotation compared with the base scenario. The annual accumulation of carbon in biomass decreased in all scenarios, which resulted in a prolonged rotation scenario possibly being a poor long-term solution (> 100 yrs). The amount of forest residues that could substitute fossil fuel increased in all scenarios during the studied period.     

北京市高保护价值森林价值评估理论与方法初探

结合现行经济学理论界对森林价值的评估，针对高保护价值森林的特征，从生物多样性和生态服务功能两方面对北京市高保护价值森林的价值评估方法进行探讨。结合效用论、边际效益论等理论，根据实地情况，运用支付意愿法、补偿法、替代法等，从森林的实用价值和精神文化价值等方面作了评估方法概述。     

北京市高保护价值森林价值评估理论与方法初探

结合现行经济学理论界对森林价值的评估,针对高保护价值森林的特征,从生物多样性和生态服务功能两方面对北京市高保护价值森林的价值评估方法进行探讨.结合效用论、边际效益论等理论,根据实地情况,运用支付意愿法、补偿法、替代法等,从森林的实用价值和精神文化价值等方面作了评估方法概述.     

A stochastic frontier analysis of technical progress, efficiency change and productivity growth in the Pacific Northwest sawmill industry

Stochastic frontier analysis was employed to investigate technical efficiency and productivity growth in the sawmilling industry of the U.S. Pacific Northwest over the period 1968–2002. The results of our analysis indicate that productivity growth was strong over the 30-year study period, due almost exclusively to technical progress. The model developed in this analysis was used to examine the cause of employment declines in the sawmilling industry between 1988 and 1994. We found that that 62% of the decline was due to changes in output and non-labor input factors and 38% was due to technical change alone.     

微晶纤维素氰乙基化及其反应动力学研究

通过微晶纤维素的氰乙基化试验,研究了反应温度和反应时间对氰乙基化产物取代度(DS)的影响,表明在50℃以下,微晶纤维素的氰乙基化取代度随反应温度的升高和反应时间的延长而增加。傅里叶红外光谱分析显示微晶纤维素氰乙基化后羟基峰明显减弱,并形成了新的碳氮三键吸收峰,证明纤维素中的部分羟基氢被氰乙基所取代。X射线衍射分析显示微晶纤维素中原有的结晶结构被破坏。X4显微熔融温度测定仪、维卡软化点测定仪等的分析表明微晶纤维素氰乙基化产物的热塑性先随取代度的升高而提高,取代度超过1.43后,产物的热塑性又随取代度的升高而下降。确定了微晶纤维素氰乙基化在不同温度(30、35、40和45℃)下的反应速率常数(分别为1.30、1.61、1.94和2.26 s-1),计算出了微晶纤维素氰乙基化反应的表观活化能为29.8 kJ/mol。     

Ability of chromosome 4H to compensate for 4D in response to drought stress in a newly developed and identified wheat–barley 4H(4D) disomic substitution line

A spontaneously developed wheat–barley 4H(4D) disomic substitution line was identified cytogenetically using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), multicolour fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and microsatellite markers. The ability of the barley 4H chromosome to compensate for wheat 4D in response to mild drought stress was also investigated. In the barley cv. 'Betzes' and the 4H(4D) substitution line, mild osmotic stress induced intensive stomatal closure, resulting in reduced water loss through transpiration and unchanged relative water content in the leaves. As the CO₂ assimilation rate remained relatively high, the water use efficiency, which is an important factor associated with drought tolerance, increased extensively under mild osmotic stress in these lines. In the case of the parental wheat genotypes, however, mild drought stress induced less intense stomatal closure and a greater decrease in the CO₂ assimilation rate than in barley or in the substitution line, resulting in unaugmented or reduced water use efficiency. The results demonstrate that genes localised on the 4H chromosome of barley were able to increase the water use efficiency of the wheat substitution line, which is suitable for improving wheat drought tolerance through intergeneric crossing.     

水稻染色体片段代换系对氮、磷胁迫反应差异及其QTL分析

利用来源于9311(籼稻)与日本晴(粳稻)杂交后代衍生的遗传背景为9311的染色体片段代换系群体,分析其在大田正常、低氮和低磷条件下的单株有效穗和单株产量的差异。结果表明,低磷、低氮胁迫对单株有效穗和单株产量影响较大。代换系对低磷和低氮的反应存在明显差异。在低氮(磷)水平下共检测到26个单株有效穗和单株产量片段或QTL,以及12个相对单株有效穗和相对单株产量QTL。源于日本晴的等位基因均呈减效作用。低磷和低氮下共同检测到5个导入片段影响单株有效穗或单株产量。而大部分(约81%)QTL只在单胁迫处理下被检测到。表明水稻对磷胁迫和氮胁迫的反应既存在不同的遗传基础,也存在共同的遗传机制。     

Further manipulation by centric misdivision of the 1RS.1BL translocation in wheat

Complete chromosomes 1R and 1B were reconstructed in wheat from the centric wheat-rye translocation 1RS.1BL. Three substitutions: 1R(1A), 1R(1B), 1R(1D), and three new centric translocations: 1RS.1AL, 1RS.1BL, 1RS.1DL were produced from the reconstructed chromosome 1R. Each one of these has the same rye chromosome arm 1RS which was present in the original translocation 1RS.1BL of ‘Kavkaz’ wheat. Reconstructed chromosome 1B and a normal chromosome 1R were used to produce a new 1RS.1BL translocation. This translocation has the long arm from the original 1RS.1BL translocation of ‘Kavkaz’, but a different 1RS arm. The third generation centric translocations were mitotically stable and were normally transmitted to progeny. Misdivision frequency of the reconstructed chromosomes 1R did not change relative to normal 1R, whereas the misdivision frequency of the two reconstructed chromosomes 1B tested was significantly higher relative to normal 1B. These experiments demonstrate that repeated cycles of centric breakage and fusion do not impair the function of centromeres in wheat and rye but may change chromosome's susceptibility to misdivision. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

硬粒小麦-长穗偃麦草附加系、代换系和易位系的创制

通过小麦与长穗偃麦草远缘杂交创制附加系、代换系及易位系是小麦遗传改良中利用长穗偃麦草优良基因的重要途径。本研究将长穗偃麦草特异分子标记、染色体计数、基因组原位杂交(GISH)及非变性原位杂交(ND-FISH)等多种方法相结合,对硬粒小麦Langdon (AABB)与小偃麦8801 (AABBEE)的杂交后代群体进行分子细胞学鉴定,创制出硬粒小麦-长穗偃麦草3E、6E染色体双体附加系Du-DA3E和Du-DA6E,硬粒小麦-长穗偃麦草1E (1B)染色体双体代换系Du-DS1E(1B)以及硬粒小麦-长穗偃麦草1AS-1EL染色体易位系Du-T1AS·1EL。创制的4个种质中长穗偃麦草染色体均能稳定遗传,这不仅增加了硬粒小麦-长穗偃麦草附加系和代换系的类型,还为后续利用长穂偃麦草优良基因改良小麦提供了特殊种质资源。