Physiologic races ofFusarium oxysporum f.sp.melonis in the southeastern anatolia region of turkey and varietal reactions to races of the pathogen

Thirty-four isolates ofFusarium oxysporum f.sp.melonis (F.o.m.) obtained from 205 fields in melon-producing areas in the southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey were identified on the basis of colony morphology and pathogenicity by the root dip method. In this region the mean prevalence of wilt disease was 88.1% and the mean incidence of disease was 47.5%. Physiologic races 0, 1, 2, and 1,2 of the pathogen were determined by their reactions on differential melon cultivars ‘Charentais T,’ ‘Isoblon’, ‘Isovac’ and ‘Margot’ in the greenhouse. Race 1,2, representating 58.8% (20/34) of all isolates, was widely distributed. Of the other pathogenic isolates, eight were identified as race 0, five as race 1, and one as race 2. This is the first report of physiologic races ofF.o.m. in Turkey. Of 44 melon cultivars tested in the greenhouse for resistance toF.o.m. races, 36 were found to be moderately resistant to race 0, 17 were susceptible to race 1,2, 34.1% were highly resistant to race 1, and 52.2% had moderate resistance to race 2. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 16, 2002.     

Five-year survey uncovers extensive diversity and temporal fluctuations among fusarium head blight pathogens of wheat and barley in Brazil

We conducted a five-year survey (2011–2015) of barley and wheat fields in Paraná state, Brazil, obtaining 754 Fusarium isolates from spikes with fusarium head blight (FHB)-symptoms. Multilocus genotyping and TEF-1α gene sequence analyses confirmed the dominance of the F. graminearum species complex (FGSC, 75.7%), but F. poae (11.5%), as well as F. avenaceum and related members of the F. tricinctum species complex (FTSC, 8.1%) appeared as substantial contributors to FHB. Within the FGSC, F. graminearum of the 15-ADON genotype was dominant (63%), followed by F. meridionale of the NIV genotype (23.1%), F. cortaderiae of the NIV (7%) or 3-ADON (2.6%) genotypes, and F. austroamericanum (3.8%) of the 3-ADON genotype. Substantial variation in pathogen composition was observed across years, with F. poae and F. meridionale frequencies significantly elevated in some years. Most F. poae strains produced DAS, diANIV, and butenolide, but not neosolaniol, T-2, or HT-2. All FTSC species produced moniliformin. Enniatin production was widespread among FTSC species, with the single F. acuminatum strain found to be the strongest producer of enniatins. Our findings confirm FGSC as a major contributor to FHB and expand considerably our knowledge of the presence, frequency, and conditions under which other pathogens may emerge, altering the spectrum of toxins that may accumulate in grain.     

不同条件下韭菜汁对香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种活性抑制的研究

研究了不同温度、pH值、杀虫剂和杀菌剂的影响下,韭菜汁对香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种的抑制作用,以确定韭菜汁在不同条件影响下对病菌的活力。结果表明,在试验的各温度处理后,55℃以上的温度对韭菜汁的成分有破坏作用,菌落的生长受到显著影响。韭菜根汁对病菌孢子的抑制作用不受pH值的影响。酸性至弱碱性情况下,韭菜茎汁对病菌孢子萌发的抑制率为100%;在强碱性条件下,韭菜茎汁中物质的活性促进了孢子的萌发。供试杀虫剂和杀菌剂对韭菜汁的成分无明显破坏作用。     

香蕉枯萎病菌myosin-1基因的功能分析及外施dsRNA介导的抗性评估

 香蕉枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense,Foc)引起的香蕉毁灭性土传病害,其中 4号生理小种(Foc4)能感染几乎所有的香蕉品系,危害最严重。SMART在线软件分析myosin-1基因具有肌球蛋白马达蛋白(myosin motor domain, MMD),肌动蛋白尾结构TH1(myosin tail)和 Src家族同源结构域SH3(src homology domain 3),与禾谷镰刀菌中氰烯菌酯靶标基因myosin-5具高度的蛋白同源性,相似性高达83%。利用Split-marker基因重组技术获得Foc4的myosin-1基因敲除突变体,Δmyosin-1突变株丧失了对氰烯菌酯的敏感性,菌丝生长缓慢,产孢量减少且孢子畸形,对香蕉致病力严重下降,证实myosin-1是氰烯菌酯在Foc4中的作用靶标基因。外施靶向myosin-1体外转录的dsRNA,能抑制菌丝的生长,降低菌丝活性;菌丝膨胀扭曲分枝增多,出现典型的球状结构,与氰烯菌酯处理后的表型一致。在盆栽活体人工接种实验中,体外施用dsRNA可以明显抑制枯萎病外部症状的发展,推迟发病时间,赋予寄主抗性,结果说明体外施用dsRNA可以作为新型杀菌剂防治香蕉枯萎病。综上,myosin-1基因作为氰烯菌酯在Foc4中的靶标基因具有高度的序列保守,在调控菌丝生长发育,产孢以及致病力等方面发挥重要作用,而外施dsRNA具有防治香蕉枯萎菌的巨大潜力。     

甘蓝枯萎病菌寄主范围研究

<正>甘蓝枯萎病于2001年最先在北京延庆发现~([1]),目前已扩散到山西、河北、甘肃及陕西等北方甘蓝生产基地,重病区发病率高达80%以上,对甘蓝生产造成了严重的威胁。国内外对甘蓝枯萎病寄主范围的研究仅限于十字花科作物~([2-4]),对该病原菌是否侵入其他类蔬菜及1、2号生理小种侵染十字花科寄主的差异尚未见报道。本文采用人工接种的方法,综合分析甘蓝枯萎病菌对主要大田蔬菜作物的侵染寄生能力,为制定合理的轮作防病     

一种改进的尖孢镰刀菌的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法

为实现荧光定量PCR对土壤病原真菌数量更为高效、灵敏的检测,本研究将液体培养的孢子悬浮液和长年耕作的水稻土制作成孢子浓度为4×10~1~4×10~6 spore/g的带菌土,采用MoBio PowerSoil@DNA Isolation Kit提取模拟带菌土壤总DNA,引入常规PCR预扩增包含qPCR目标序列的1 446bp片段,以预PCR产物为模板进行qPCR,构建荧光定量PCR标准曲线。研究结果表明:以试剂盒提取的带菌土壤总DNA为模板绘制的qPCR标准曲线相关系数r为0.985,检测下限为4×10~3 spore/g土;引入预PCR后,qPCR标准曲线相关系数r为0.974,检测下限为4×10~2 spore/g土,较未引入时提高了10倍,结合不同土壤病原真菌的特异性引物,该检测方法可为土壤病原真菌的有效定量检测提供技术支撑。     

一株Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及其抑菌特性

为筛选西瓜枯萎病拮抗菌株并探究其抑菌特性,以齐齐哈尔市青昕蔬菜基地根际土为材料,采用平板对峙法筛选到1株能高效抑制西瓜专化型尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum,Fon)的拮抗菌株,通过形态特征、16S rDNA、gyrA和gyrB序列分析鉴定其菌种;通过盆栽试验验证拮抗菌株对西瓜枯萎病的抑制作用;采用生长速率法研究拮抗菌株不同生长时期的无菌发酵滤液及其不同贮存条件下的抑菌能力;利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(CLSM)观察并分析无菌发酵滤液对Fon孢子形态和膜完整性的影响。结果表明,拮抗菌株WD为Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,能有效抑制西瓜枯萎病的发生,抑制率达到57.57%,其无菌发酵滤液在衰亡期有较高的抑菌能力,对Fon菌丝生长抑制率为54.32%;无菌发酵滤液对温度、pH具有较高的耐受性,30 ℃、pH 7时抑菌活性最强,抑菌率可达58.36%;在4 ℃贮存至少45 d,且紫外光照120 min内对其抑菌活性没有影响;Fon孢子暴露在WD无菌发酵滤液下,孢子表面皱缩凹陷,膜完整性被破坏。综上所述,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens WD是1株高效的拮抗菌株,为西瓜枯萎病生防菌剂的研发与利用奠定了基础。     

香蕉枯萎病菌分子检测研究进展

香蕉枯萎病是全世界香蕉产业共同面临的毁灭性病害,但目前生产上仍缺乏适宜的抗病品种和有效的治疗措施。因此,借助快速准确的枯萎病菌检测技术及时明确病原菌以控制该病的传播和蔓延显得尤为重要。本文回顾了近年来国内外香蕉枯萎病菌分子检测技术的发展历程,归纳和总结了DNA指纹图谱、普通PCR、多重PCR、荧光定量PCR及等温扩增技术在该病菌检测中的研究进展,分析了不同检测技术的优缺点,并指出可能存在的问题和研究发展方向,为该病的分子检测技术优化和防控策略制定提供参考。