Influence of dietary palm oil on growth, tissue fatty acid compositions, and fatty acid metabolism in liver and intestine in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary crude palm oil (CPO) on fatty acid metabolism in liver and intestine of rainbow trout. Triplicate groups of rainbow trout for 10 weeks at 13 °C were fed on diets in which CPO replaced fish oil (FO) in a graded manner (0–100%). At the end of the trial, fatty acid compositions of flesh, liver and pyloric caeca were determined and highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) synthesis and fatty acid oxidation were estimated in isolated hepatocytes and caecal enterocytes using [1‐¹⁴C]18:3n‐3 as substrate. Growth performance and feed efficiency were unaffected by dietary CPO. Fatty acid compositions of selected tissues reflected the dietary fatty acid composition with increasing CPO resulting in increased proportions of 18:1n‐9 and 18:2n‐6 and decreased proportions of n‐3HUFA, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3. Palmitic acid, 16:0, was also increased in flesh and pyloric caeca, but not in liver. The capacity of HUFA synthesis from 18:3n‐3 increased by up to threefold in both hepatocytes and enterocytes in response to graded increases in dietary CPO. In contrast, oxidation of 18:3n‐3 was unaffected by dietary CPO in hepatocytes and reduced by high levels of dietary CPO in enterocytes. The results of this study suggest that CPO can be used at least to partially replace FO in diets for rainbow trout in terms of permitting similar growth and feed conversion, and having no major detrimental effects on lipid and fatty acid metabolism, although flesh fatty acid compositions are significantly affected at an inclusion level above 50%, with n‐3HUFA reduced by up to 40%.     

高酸值米糠油酶法酯化脱酸研究

对脂肪酶Novozym 435催化高酸值米糠油酯化脱酸进行了研究.利用响应面分析法(RSM)优化脱酸条件.根据Box-Benhnken中心组合试验设计原理对试验条件进行优化,在分析各因素显著性及其交互作用的基础上,得出米糠油酯化脱酸最佳工艺参数为:酶质量分数1.1％、甘油添加量0.42 mg、温度56.4℃、反应时间23.2 h.实际测得脱酸后米糠油酸值(KOH)由56 mg/g降为5.04 mg/g,游离脂肪酸酯化率达到91％,与模型预测值基本相符.     

快速提取分离八角茴香油的新方法

将回流提取法、水蒸气蒸馏法、快速提取法对八角枝叶或干果中八角茴香油提取进行了比较,并确定八角枝叶或干果中八角茴香油的最佳提取方法和条件。结果表明,快速提取法比回流提取法、水蒸气蒸馏法提取效率高,快速简便。快速提取法提取八角茴香油的最佳条件为:干果原料与水比为1∶6,提取回流时间为2 h,产品收率达12.78%,且含八角茴香脑90.83%。     

宁夏地区大籽蒿精油成分分析及其抑菌性研究

为探究宁夏大籽蒿(Artemisia sieversiana Ehrhart ex Willd.)精油成分、抑菌功能及安全性,采用水蒸气蒸馏法进行精油提取,通过气相色谱-质谱连用法(GC-MS)进行成分分析,采用滤纸片法测定其对3种菌的抑菌圈直径,测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(MBC),并通过cck-8法检测大籽蒿精油对于2种皮肤细胞的毒性作用。结果表明,宁夏大籽蒿精油的主要成分为母菊薁(29.61%),樟脑(4.80%)、桉叶油醇(4.32%)、异木香酸甲酯(4.02%);精油对铜绿假单胞菌和大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度为0.0781 μg/mL,最低杀菌浓度为0.3125 μg/mL;金黄色葡萄球菌MIC为0.0195 μg/mL,MBC为0.078125 μg/mL;当精油浓度小于100 μg/mL时对角质细胞(HaCaT)和皮肤成纤维细胞(NHSF)均无毒性。综上,宁夏地区大籽蒿精油具有较强的抑菌活性且安全性较高,以上结果为宁夏大籽蒿精油开发提供理论依据,以期为当地脱贫致富提供科技支撑。     

珍珠油杏简易设施避雨栽培技术研究

珍珠油杏以果面光洁油亮、果肉金黄蜜甜、可溶性固形物含量高而赢得消费者的喜爱,但是该品种存在近成熟期果实糖化、遇雨容易裂果的生理缺陷,生产者普遍认为栽培管理难度较大,遇到采收期降雨量较大的年份,裂果率会达到90%以上,基本失去商品价值。所以,珍珠油杏在沂蒙山区的推广面积一直不大,量少质优必然价高,近几年珍珠油杏田间收购价常常徘徊在12元/kg,单位收益相当可观。据此,围绕解决裂果生产难题,探索珍珠油杏简易设施避雨栽培技术,具有较大的生产意义。我们于2019年在费县东蒙镇太白庄村开展了避雨栽培技术研究,采取了高垄大小行栽培、树盘覆盖无纺布、节水灌溉、拱棚动态覆膜等技术措施,增强了花期冻害防御能力,提高了座坐果率,成功降低了根际土壤湿度和园内空气湿度,实现了优质果率94%、裂果率低于5%,配套技术成熟,具备较强的推广应用价值。     

水培番茄、黄瓜营养液管理专家系统的构建

针对无土栽培的技术核心——营养液管理，构建了水培番茄、黄瓜的营养液管理专家系统，以促进无土栽培技术在中国大面积的推广和应用。该文详细介绍了该专家系统的设计目标、结构和功能设计的过程以及知识库的构成；构建了番茄、黄瓜在不同生育期对氮、磷、钾、钙等大量元素的吸收模型，组成动态模型库；优化了番茄、黄瓜在逆境(高温、低温、寡照等)生长条件下对营养液的管理。在大量搜集水培知识和营养液管理数据的基础上，基本实现了对水培番茄、黄瓜不同生育期的营养液浓度(EC)，酸碱度(pH)，氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)等营养元素浓度，以及营养液温度、溶解氧浓度的管理和决策。     

离心输油泵故障诊断专家系统的研究与实现

提出了一种新的对基本神经网络进行组合的思路，将基本神经网络分层联接，每一层对应对象的某一属性，并根据属性分类。以这一思路为指导，组建了BP网络与竞争网络组织相结合的神经网络，并以此为核心，搭建了离心输油泵故障诊断专家系统的框架。     

Growth and Biochmical Studies of Mrigal Fish (Cirrhinus mrigala) Fed Graded Levels of Oil

A 45-day experiment was carried out to evaluate the growth performance,digestive enzymes activity and biochemical response of Cirrhinus mrigala fed graded levels of oil.Three isonitrogenous purified diets(6%,8%and 10%of oil)were formulated.A total of 108 juveniles of Cirrhinus mrigala(5.95±0.25)g were equally distributed in triplicate groups in nine plastic tanks of 100 L capacity and fed under natural light cycle.Growth performance of the fish significantly reflected the effect of inclusion levels of oil tested but the diet with 8%lipid had the best significant growth performance[%weight gain,Feed Conversion Ratio(FCR)and Specific Growth Rate(SGR)],across different experimental groups.Levels of secretion of digestive enzymes in the fish fed different experimental diets resulted in significant values of(p0.05)amylase and lipase,while Aspartate transaminase(AST),Alanine transaminase(ALT),Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)and Malate dehydrogenase(MDH)values in the muscle and liver decreased significantly(p0.05)as the levels of oil in the diet increased.However,serum biochemical parameters did not record any significant difference(p0.05)with the exception of the total lipid across diets.The study confirmed the inclusion effect of graded levels of oil in juvenile Mrigal diet,but the inclusion should not be more than 8%to avert growth depression.     

Slug control in Australian canola: monitoring, molluscicidal baits and economic thresholds

Exotic slugs have become serious pests of canola, at establishment, in Southern Australian high-rainfall cropping zones. Slugs were monitored using relatively inexpensive 300 mm x 300 mm terracotta tiles acting as refuges. An investigation was made of the effects of the time of application of chelated iron baits on the slug species Deroceras reticulatum Müller and Lehmannia nyctelia Bourguignat. Baits reduced the number of surface-active slug species. A single application at sowing provided greater efficacy than one application before sowing, and efficacy was comparable with that of two applications. Canola seedling densities showed a negative response to D. reticulatum numbers; the presence of even one individual per refuge trap reduced seedling numbers below optimum densities. Thistles and other vegetation were associated with increased numbers of slugs. European guidelines for slug monitoring and damage appear to be at least partly applicable to Australian conditions.