荒漠草原优势种功能性状对不同放牧强度的响应

放牧是草地最主要的利用方式之一,植物功能性状能够客观的表达植物应对放牧的适应性,为了研究植物功能性状在不同放牧强度下的避牧策略和进一步阐明合理放牧的重要性,本研究依托15年的长期放牧平台,探讨在不同放牧强度下荒漠草原两大优势物种短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)和无芒隐子草(Cleistogenes songorica)的15个功能性状变化以及其之间联系。结果表明：短花针茅的叶长和株高随放牧强度的增大而显著降低(P<0.05);由于植物的补偿性生长轻度放牧增加了无芒隐子草的株高和株丛径,但是中度和重度放牧对无芒隐子草功能性状均产生了消极的作用(P<0.05);短花针茅和无芒隐子草的地上生物量与株高、丛幅径以及茎叶干重均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。由此可见,荒漠草原两种优势种对放牧干扰有着不同的响应机制,这为深入了解荒漠草原提供了重要的科学依据。     

Managing disturbance regimes to maintain biological diversity in forested ecosystems of the Pacific Northwest

Managing for biodiversity in Pacific Northwest forest ecosystems requires a means to predict the interactive effects of natural, introduced, and altered disturbance regimes. Although disturbances are known to be a determinant of patterns of biological diversity, disturbance and diversity principles have not been consistently applied in management of forest ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest. Here we review disturbance and diversity theory and develop a synthetic conceptual model for use in predicting the effects of disturbances of any origin on biodiversity, focusing on the Pacific Northwest. Disturbance principles have traditionally been applied to understanding patterns of species diversity, but they can also be applied to understanding the broader concept of biodiversity. Our conceptual model integrates these principles, illustrating relationships among mechanisms that limit species diversity and those that enhance it. Diversity-limiting factors are: environmental stress due to high levels of disturbance relative to productivity, and competitive exclusion that can arise where disturbance has been suppressed or managed to favor a particular species’ dominance. Conversely, biological diversity will be enhanced by disturbances that are not too frequent to be stressful, and that create functional heterogeneity (spatial and temporal variation in habitat structure and biological legacies that are vital for post-disturbance reproduction and growth). The three disturbance-related mechanisms that determine diversity operate over local to landscape spatial scales and ecological time scales and thus can be readily influenced by management. By comprehensively evaluating existing disturbance regimes and how they are influencing these factors, managers can help maintain or restore the ecological foundation for biodiversity. We describe management approaches to improve this foundation focusing on forests managed for multiple goals in the Pacific Northwest, where there is considerable potential for and interest in maintaining and enhancing biodiversity.     

沙地云杉林植物区系特征的研究

根据野外调查,分析了沙地云杉林的植物区系成分,进行了种子植物的统计并得出结论:在沙地云杉林中,共有161种植物,分别属于49科,123属。其中1种蕨类植物,2种裸子植物,158种种子植物。共有10种地理成分分布类型,其中以达乌里-蒙古成分占优势,内蒙古自治区的特有成分只有沙地云杉一种。根据优势成分分析,发现在乔木层中只有沙地云杉和白桦达到存在度的4~5级,灌木层中只有黑果木旬子木达到5级。根据相似系数比较发现:沙地云杉林有56.8%的科、47.4%的属、47.4%的种与大针茅草原相同;有60.8%的科、22.3%的属、7.2%的种与长白山的典型暗针叶林相同,因此沙地云杉林仍然属于暗针叶林范畴。     

森林资源管理信息系统体系结构的探讨

介绍了应用程序设计体系结构的设计问题,分别讨论了各级应用程序的特点,并重点讨论了三级应用程序设计的特点及其优势。最后提出在林业资源管理信息系统的设计中采用的三级设计模式和具体的设计思路。     

大蒜超临界CO2萃取成份开发利用前景

大蒜含有多种营养成份，且具有极高的医用价值。随着超临界CO2萃取技术的应用，已获得大蒜油反油树脂，对大蒜油及油树脂的开发利用，从食品调味剂、功能食品．药物几个方面进行了综述．     

Morphological features and dietary functional components in fruit bodies of two strains of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pholiota adiposa</Emphasis> grown on artificial beds

 The morphological features and dietary functional components of two strains (FPF-13 and Oninome-B) of Pholiota adiposa (numerisugitake mushroom) grown on artificial bed blocks were examined. The components examined were chitin, mannitol, trehalose, guanosine 5′-monophosphate, ergosterol, and β-glucan. There was a significant difference in the external shape of the two strains. However, the differences in the contents of functional components between the two strains, as well as between the pilei and stipes of the strains, were small. In both strains the trehalose content was much higher than the mannitol content, in contrast to those of Lentinula edodes. From a commercial point of view, Oninome-B has a clear advantage over other strains of P. adiposa owing to its less removable scale. Received: May 15, 2002 / Accepted: June 10, 2002 Acknowledgment The authors thank Dr. F. Eguchi (Takasaki University of Health and Welfare) for his technical advice on the β-glucan analysis. Part of this report was presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 2001 Correspondence to:K. Shimizu     

Changes in the physical and chemical properties of six Japanese softwoods caused by lengthy smoke-heating treatment

The effects of prolonged smoke-heating treatments on wood quality were investigated. Six Japanese softwoods were smoke-heated for 100 and 200h at a temperature of 75° ± 5°C, which was recorded inside the log. After smoke heating, wood quality, including moisture content, amounts of chemical components, relative degree of crystallinity (RDC) of cellulose, and sapwood color were examined. Moisture content decreased as a result of smoke heating, especially in sapwood, leading to a uniform distribution of moisture content within a log. Almost no difference was found in the amounts of chemical components between the control woods and the woods that were smoke-heated for 100h. However, in the wood that was smoke-heated for 200h, the amounts of holocellulose decreased, suggesting that thermal deterioration and/or degradation of hemicelluloses had occurred. We assume that the increase in RDC was caused by smoke heating with the crystallization of cellulose and/or thermal degradation of hemicelluloses. Almost no differences were found in sapwood color between the control woods and the woods that were smoke-heated for 100h. In the wood that was smoke-heated for 200h, however, L*decreased, whereas a* and b* increased. As a result, E*ab, showing the total color change, increased, resulting in a deeper color. These results suggest that thermal degradation of hemicelluloses was caused by smoke heating for over 100h. Therefore, smoke heating of softwood logs using a commercial-scale kiln should not exceed 100h.     

Root architecture of provenances, seedlings and cuttings of Melia volkensii: implications for crop yield in dryland agroforestry

Agroforestry, as one of integrated approaches to biodiversity conservation, has received attention. But the methods to evaluate this contribution are rare. The present study focuses on the method development for quantification of effects of agroforestry on biodiversity conservation. It includes identifying the functional groups of agroforestry components, defined as a set of species with similar impacts on a system process, and quantifying the distinctness of these groups, as related to wise use of resources and increasing well-being of local people. Combining with functional group-based Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis, the present work gives a useful way for an integrated evaluation-planning of agroforestry management relative to biodiversity conservation. It also provides a means to improve our knowledge on the potential roles of agroforestry in biodiversity conservation of nature reserves. The analyses, using the distinctness index of functional groups, demonstrated the impacts of various land-use systems on biodiversity conservation. The analyses, using AHP, ranked the priorities of various agroforestry and plantations on the protection of nature forests, aiming at the long-term solution for the resource support. The present study suggests that agroforestry development for biodiversity conservation should take into account the impacts of functional groups in strategic planning.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

冬小麦亲本间数量性状遗传距离及其聚类研究

在主成份分析的基础上,测定了39个小麦亲本的遗传距离,并采用最短距离法,对它们进行了分类.结果表明,将所研究的亲本分成10个类群较为合理,在配制杂交组合过程中,除考虑亲本其它选配原则外.要尽量在类群间(遗传距离D≥(?)=7.20)选择亲本.研究还提出了综合评价亲本的主成份指标.据此,从39个小麦亲本中筛选出综合表现较好的亲本19个.     

扁蓿豆种子产量构成因子的分析

通过对扁蓿豆种子产量构成因子做相关、通径和回归分析，找出呼和浩特地区扁蓿豆种子产量构成因子中的限制性因子是生殖枝数／株；预测栽培扁蓿豆单株实际种子产量的模型为Y=1．651＋0．025X1。利用种子产量构成因子计算潜在种子产量、表现种子产量和实际种子产量。