黄河源区季节性湖泊湿地退化对土壤微生物碳源利用的影响

为了探讨黄河源区季节性湖泊湿地退化对土壤微生物碳源利用的影响以及土壤微生物碳源利用能力与不同环境因子的关系,本试验在黄河源区退化季节性湖泊湿地研究不同退化阶段植被特征、土壤养分变化和土壤微生物碳源利用状况。结果表明：在季节性湖泊湿地退化过程中,土壤微生物对碳源的利用存在明显的空间分异,其对酯类碳源的相对利用率最高,对单糖/糖苷/聚合物类碳源的相对利用率随退化加重呈现先升高后下降趋势;土壤微生物对单糖/糖苷/聚合物类碳源和醇类碳源的相对利用率改变是土壤微生物功能多样随季节性湖泊湿地退化而变化的主要原因;土壤全氮含量和植被盖度对微生物单糖/糖苷/聚合物类碳源的相对利用率和土壤微生物活性均有影响。该结果为黄河源区的季节性湖泊湿地退化监测和近自然修复提供科学理论依据。     

松嫩平原羊草草原枯枝落叶分解中化学成分的变化动态

枯枝落叶在分解过程中，其化学成分发生着改变，营养物质不断地向土壤中释放。在羊草草原上，从４月至１０月间，经过１９５天分解后，枯枝落叶的有机化学成分中，可溶性碳水化合物损失最快，其次是粗脂肪和有机碳，木质素的分解最慢。在无机化学成分中，各元素含量的变化，大多数元素之间有明显的相关性，各营养元素损失大小的顺序是：Ｋ＞Ｐ＞Ｎ＞Ｎａ＞Ｃａ＞Ｍｎ＞Ｍｇ＞ＦｅＣｕ＞Ｚｎ。     

不同复合微生物制剂对薯渣与大豆秸秆混贮发酵品质、营养成分及瘤胃降解率的影响

本试验旨在研究4种不同复合微生物制剂对薯渣与大豆秸秆混贮发酵效果的影响。试验采用密封塑料桶进行混贮,将薯渣与大豆秸秆按照1∶3的重量比混合,采用单因素试验设计,分别设置对照组(不含微生物制剂)及试验1、2、3和4组(分别添加微生物制剂1、2、3、4),每组3个重复。贮存60 d后取样分析,采用实验室化学分析法测定混贮饲料的发酵品质和营养成分,采用半体内法测定48 h瘤胃降解率,同时进行有氧稳定性测试。结果表明:1)各复合微生物制剂组的感官评定结果无明显差异,均为一级优良。2)经发酵品质的分析测定,各复合微生物制剂组的混贮饲料发酵品质均得到改善,以试验2组的pH最低(P<0.01),乳酸含量最高(P<0.01),氨态氮/总氮最低(P>0.05)。3)除试验4组外,各复合微生物制剂组的干物质损失率(DML)均高于对照组(P>0.05),与对照组相比,各复合微生物制剂组粗蛋白质(CP)含量提高(P>0.05),而可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量极显著降低(P<0.01),中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。4)各复合微生物制剂组的有氧稳定性较对照组均得到提高,其中以试验2组的效果最好(P<0.01),其次是试验1组(P<0.01)、试验3组(P<0.01)和试验4组(P<0.05)。5)各复合微生物制剂组的干物质(DM)48h瘤胃降解率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),CP瘤胃降解率(P<0.05)、NDF瘤胃降解率(P<0.01)与对照组相比均以试验2组最高,且试验2组的ADF瘤胃降解率显著高于对照(P<0.05),但与其他组差异不显著(P>0.05),各复合微生物制剂组的淀粉瘤胃降解率较对照组均得到提高,试验2组的淀粉瘤胃降解率较对照组提高3.34%(P<0.01)。综上,在本试验条件下,经发酵处理后,薯渣混贮饲料质地松软,呈酸香味,无黏手现象,试验2组对薯渣与大豆秸秆混贮饲料的发酵品质有明显的改善作用,处理效果最好。     

SPME-GC/MS联用技术比较分析不同品种蜜柚柚花的香气成分

【目的】了解不同品种蜜柚柚花的香气成分差异,为柚花的加工利用提供参考。【方法】采用固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用分析法,对各成分质谱通过计算机谱库检索和资料分析,鉴定与比较分析了白肉蜜柚、红肉蜜柚、三红蜜柚、黄金蜜柚4种柚花的香气成分。【结果】从柚花中共检测出36种香气成分,4个品种柚花中分别为17、19、23、17种。柚花中香气成分主要均为芳樟醇,其中白肉蜜柚柚花中芳樟醇相对含量最高,达到68.65%,黄金蜜柚柚花含量次之,为67.43%,而红肉蜜柚和三红蜜柚柚花中芳樟醇含量相当,分别为65.01%和64.50%。三红蜜柚花朵的香气组成物质与其他三种比较,区别较大,萜烯类物质丰富,而酯类和烷烃类物质则较少。总之,本文初步从香气成分种类差异、共有香气成分相对含量差异以及各自特有成分上解释了4种柚花香气的区别,并分析和展望了柚花的应用前景。     

非圆斜齿轮滚切策略与实用模型性能分析

为实现非圆斜齿轮滚切加工,基于5轴联动滚切策略,应用运动学原理推导齿坯附加转动和滚刀附加转动2种方案的基本数学模型;采用工件等弧长、工件等转角和工件等极角3种方法简化该模型,构成6种滚切实现方案及实用模型;采用Matlab软件对6种模型进行五联动轴的(角)速度、(角)加速度动态性能分析,得出加工精度及效率高、动态品质综合性能较好的等弧长齿坯附加转动和等弧长滚刀附加转动2种最佳模型.经滚切试验验证了模型的正确性,齿面测试分析与仿真结论一致.     

Genetic parameters for semen production traits in Swiss dairy bulls

Variance components (VC) were estimated for the semen production trait ejaculate volume, sperm concentration and sperm motility in the Swiss cattle breeds Brown Swiss (BS), Original Braunvieh (OB), Holstein (HO), Red‐Factor‐Carrier (RF), Red Holstein (RH), Swiss Fleckvieh (SF) and Simmental (SI). For this purpose, semen production traits from 2,617 bulls with 124,492 records were used. The data were collected in the years 2000–2012. The model for genetic parameter estimation across all breeds included the fixed effects age of bull at collection, year of collection, month of collection, number of collection per bull and day, interval between consecutive collections, semen collector, bull breed as well as a random additive genetic component and a permanent environmental effect. The same model without a fixed breed effect was used to estimate VC and repeatabilities separately for each of the breeds BS, HO, RH, SF and SI. Estimated heritabilities across all breeds were 0.42, 0.25 and 0.09 for ejaculate volume, sperm concentration and sperm motility, respectively. Different heritabilities were estimated for ejaculate volume (0.42; 0.45; 0.49; 0.40; 0.10), sperm concentration (0.34; 0.30; 0.20; 0.07; 0.23) and number of semen portions (0.18; 0.30; 0.04; 0.14; 0.04) in BS, HO, RH, SF and SI breed, respectively. The phenotypic and genetic correlations across all breeds between ejaculate volume and sperm concentration were negative (?0.28; ?0.56). The other correlations across all breeds were positive. The phenotypic and genetic correlations were 0.01 and 0.19 between sperm motility and ejaculate volume, respectively. Between sperm motility and sperm concentration, the phenotypic and genetic correlations were 0.20 and 0.36, respectively. The results are consistent with other analyses and show that genetic improvement through selection is possible in bull semen production traits.     

Rights,Resources and Rural Development: Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Southern Africa — Christo Fabricius,Eddie Koch,Hector Magome and Stephen Turner (eds) 2004

Goats select some browse species more than others, given options. Seasonal trends of diet selection of Nguni goats indexed by intake were investigated in cafeteria-style experiments. The relationships between diet selection and plant chemical/physical traits of Vachellia nilotica, Vachellia robusta, Dichrostachys cinerea, Euclea crispa, Rhus lancea and Ziziphus mucronata, representing abundant species were studied in the dry and rainy seasons. Seasonal changes in browses affected diet selection. Selection of long shoot species, which were concomitantly broad-leafed, was higher than species with short shoots. Selection was higher for spineless than spinescent species. Diet selection correlated positively with increased leaf mass. In the rainy season, cellulose positively correlated with intake, number of bites and browsing time, whereas in the dry season, cellulose correlated with bite size. Diet selection tended to be driven more by shoot morphology and leaf mass than by either spinescence or plant chemistry. Plant chemical influence on diet selection was diverse in both seasons and showed no definite trend, whereas spinescence had no significant effect on short-term intake. The results represent important input to goat production and range forage species management.     

灌溉与密度对沙打旺种子产量及其构成因素的影响

研究灌溉时间和灌溉比例对沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)种子产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明:在灌溉总量相同的情况下,灌溉方式对沙打旺种子产量构成因素及实际种子产量的影响较大;开花期灌溉900m³/hm²,潜在种子产量和实际种子产量分别为1611.1与333kg/hm²,比对照(CK)分别提高105.7%和73.1%;在现蕾期和开花期灌溉450 m3/hm²,潜在种子产量和实际种子产量分别为1353.6和258.2kg/hm²,比CK提高72.9%和34.2%;穴栽行株距1.0 m,潜在种子产量达1022.4kg/hm²,实际种子产量为269.8 kg/hm²,比行株距1.5m(717.4和176.8 kg/hm²)分别提高42.5%和52.6%;条播中,行距115cm,潜在种子产量达1657.4kg/hm²,与行距75cm(1310.6kg/hm²)和90cm(1152.4 kg/hm²)相比,分别提高26.5%和43.8%,而行距115cm,实际种子产量为337.2kg/hm²,与行距75cm(316.2 kg/hm²)和90cm(223.4kg/hm²)相比,分别提高6.6%和50.9%。     

不同生长时期虎斑乌贼内壳营养成分含量分析比较

通过探究不同生长时期虎斑乌贼内壳的营养成分及矿物元素含量变化,为其开发利用提供理论依据。采用国家标准方法对不同生长时期(60、90、120、150日龄)虎斑乌贼内壳营养成分(水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、多糖、氨基酸、脂肪酸)及矿物元素[5种常量元素——钠(Na)、钾(K)、镁(Mg)、铝(Al)、钙(Ca)和8种微量元素——铜(Cu)、铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)、硒(Se)、锰(Mn)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、锶(Sr)]的含量进行测定。结果表明:不同生长时期时,粗灰分均是虎斑乌贼内壳的主要成分,含量为89.98%~92.06%,其含量随着生长不断增加,表现为150日龄时显著高于其他日龄时(P0.05);粗蛋白质的含量为2.82%~3.11%,其含量随着生长不断增加,表现为150日龄时显著高于60日龄时(P0.05);水分含量为3.93%~6.21%,其含量随着生长不断降低,表现为60日龄时显著高于其他日龄时(P0.05);相对于其他营养成分,虎斑乌贼内壳中粗脂肪、多糖含量较少,分别为0.41%~0.47%、0.34%~0.38%。不同生长时期的虎斑乌贼内壳中均检测出17种氨基酸,其中7种必需氨基酸(EAA)。不同生长时期的虎斑乌贼内壳中总氨基酸(TAA)、EAA和酸性氨基酸(AAA)含量分别为2.79%~2.93%、0.87%~0.98%和0.69%~0.87%,其中AAA含量随着生长不断增加,表现为150日龄时显著高于其他日龄时(P0.05)。各生长时期虎斑乌贼内壳中均以谷氨酸(Glu)含量(0.31%~0.43%)最高,组氨酸(His)含量(0.03%~0.07%)最低。不同生长时期的虎斑乌贼内壳中均检测出7种脂肪酸,包括3种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、1种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和3种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA);在脂肪酸组分中以C22∶6n-3、C16∶0和C18∶0为主,其中C22∶6n-3含量(35.68%~37.62%)最高。生长时期对常量元素Na、Mg、Al和Ca及微量元素Cu、Zn和Sr含量有显著影响(P0.05),尤其是Ca、Mg、Zn含量,随着生长不断增加;重金属元素Cd、As含量很低,分别为0.001~0.003 mg/g和0.012~0.030 mg/g。综上所述,虎斑乌贼内壳营养丰富,Ca、M g、Zn含量高,且随着生长不断增加,具有良好的开发应用前景。     

鲈鱼与养生

在广泛文献检索基础上,对鲈鱼的种属、营养成分、养生价值、代表性膳食及食用注意事项进行了概述,以期为全民养生保健提供科学资料。