内蒙古草原火险等级短期预报研究

利用EOS/MODIS数据和内蒙古不同类型草地枯草期野外实测可燃物月动态数据,建立枯草期遥感估测模型。在此基础上,选择积雪覆盖、可燃物重量、草地连续度、日降水量、日最小相对湿度、日最高气温、日最大风速等7个指标,采用层次分析法确定各指标的权重,构建草原火险指数,建立草原火险等级短期预报模型。应用模型可将内蒙古草原的火险状态划分为不燃、难燃、可燃、易燃、极易燃5级,并对火险做出短期预报。利用数据抽样回代检验方法对草原火险等级短期预报进行精度检验,检验结果为落区预报准确率达96.42%,预报结果与实际基本相符,可以用于内蒙古草原火险短期预报的实际应用。     

木质纤维素乙醇专利分析研究

对世界范围内的木质素乙醇相关专利技术进行了深入分析,包括技术发展趋势分析、技术生命周期分析、申请人分析、国家技术实力分析、关键技术分类分析、同族分析,旨在通过专利分析洞悉木质素乙醇技术的整体发展态势,为本领域的技术创新和决策提供参考。     

Gastroprotective potential of frutalin, a D-galactose binding lectin, against ethanol-induced gastric lesions

The present study was designed to verify whether frutalin (FTL) affords gastroprotection against the ethanol-induced gastric damage and to examine the underlying mechanism(s). Gastric damage was induced by intragastric administration of 0.2 ml of ethanol (96%). Mice in groups were pretreated with FTL (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg; i.p.), cimetidine (100 mg/kg; p.o.), or vehicle (0.9% of NaCl, 10 mL/kg; p.o.), 30 min before ethanol administration. They were sacrificed 30 min later, the stomachs excised, and the mucosal lesion area (mm2) measured by planimetry. Gastroprotection was assessed in relation to inhibition of gastric lesion area. To study the gastroprotective mechanism(s), its relations to capsaicin-sensitive fibers, endogenous prostaglandins, nitric oxide, sulphydryls, ATP-sensitive potassium channels, adrenoceptors, opioid receptors and calcium channels were analyzed. Treatments effects on ethanol-associated oxidative stress markers GSH and MDA were measured in gastric tissue. FTL afforded a dose-unrelated gastroprotection against the ethanol damage. However, it failed to prevent the ethanol-induced changes in the levels of GSH and MDA. It was observed that the gastroprotection by FTL was greatly reduced in animals pretreated with capsazepine, indomethacin, L-NAME or glibenclamide. Considering the results, it is suggested that the FTL could probably be a good therapeutic agent for the development of new medicine for the treatment of gastric ulcer.     

Evaluation of performance of sorghum varieties grown in Tokyo for sugar accumulation and its correlation with vacuolar invertase genes SbInv1 and SbInv2

ABSTRACT

The sugar-accumulating potential of global and local sweet and grain sorghum varieties were tested under the local conditions. The basis for this study was the dependency of sugar accumulation on temperature and photoperiod. Thus, the efficacy of cultivars as a bioenergy source would need to be determined based on their performance under the local environmental conditions. A strong correlation of sucrose content with brix was observed, enabling large-scale screening of varieties for high sucrose content. The morphological characteristics inherent in sweet sorghum, such as tall stems, greater number of leaves and a longer vegetative period, were found to correlate with the total stem sugar content. Assessment of sugars along the stem revealed maximum sugar accumulation in the upper intermediate to upper internodes in most of the varieties tested. The maximum theoretical ethanol yield (MTEY), a function of brix and juice yield, was determined as a better indicator of testing the performance of a variety as a potential source of bioethanol, mainly due to a negative correlation of stem juiciness and sucrose content in the varieties tested. Further, the relative expression of vacuolar invertase genes, SbINV1 and SbINV2, was studied, and a strong negative correlation of SbINV2 to stem sucrose content was observed. This reveals a possibility of involvement of vacuolar invertase gene, SbINV2, in sugar accumulation in sweet sorghum stems, and as a key candidate for molecular breeding studies for higher stem sugar content.     

加热回流法和超声波法提取淫羊藿苷的试验研究

以乙醇为提取溶剂,采用加热回流法和超声波法从淫羊藿中提取淫羊藿苷,采用单因素试验考察提取次数、提取时间、料液比和乙醇体积分数对提取率的影响,并设计正交试验优化提取工艺.结果表明,优化的加热回流法为料液比1∶10(m∶V,g/mL)、提取2次、提取时间40 min、乙醇体积分数75％;优化的超声波法为乙醇体积分数60％、超声提取时间30 min、提取1次、料液比1∶6(m∶V,g/mL).     

Multi-attribute evaluation of landscape-level fuel management to reduce wildfire risk

This paper provides an example of the practical application of multi-attribute trade-off analysis (MATA) to wildfire management. The MATA approach supports more informed decision-making because it exposes important trade-offs among competing management objectives (requiring value-based choices), helps guide and structure necessary technical judgements, explicitly represents uncertainty (i.e., not just expected outcomes but risk profiles around outcomes) and addresses temporal trade-offs. MATA promotes critical thinking about what analysis is required for decision-making. A MATA approach can be applied for all types of forest and fire management decisions. In this paper, we provide a sample application of MATA to an evaluation of landscape-level fuel treatments for managing wildfire risk. The study area is located in southeastern British Columbia, Canada where historical fire suppression policies and expanding development in wildland urban interface areas have resulted in an increase in both the probability and the consequences of stand replacement fires. We specify management objectives and develop measurable attributes for fire management costs, timber supply, property damage, landscape-level biodiversity, local air quality and climate change. We then simulate the effects on these attributes of four alternative fuel management strategies that include combinations of mechanical treatments and prescribed burning over a 100-year period. The evaluation illustrates the key features of MATA while highlighting the benefits and challenges of implementing the approach.     

Nutrient losses through prescribed burning of aboveground litter and understorey in dry dipterocarp forests of different fire history

Anthropogenic burning in dry dipterocarp forests has become a common practice throughout Thailand. It is feared, that too frequent fires may result in a loss of soil fertility and thus ecosystem productivity. The aim of this study was to quantify aboveground nutrient pools in fine fuels and nutrient losses during prescribed fires applied to plots of different fire frequency histories in the Huay Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Fire frequency was determined from satellite images and ranged from frequent, infrequent, rare and unburned with fire occurrences of 7, 2, 1 and 0 out of the past 10 years, respectively. Element losses were calculated as the difference between nutrient pools in the fuel before burning and the post-burning residues comprising ash, charcoal, and unburned matter, which were recovered quantitatively using aluminium trays. The percent nutrient loss was highest at sites that had undergone frequent burning in the past and was lowest at infrequently burned sites. When viewed over a ten-year period, nutrient losses from a fire regime with one fire per decade had much lower losses than the more frequent fire occurrences. Frequent fires in these forests promoted a grassy understorey, and there appeared to be a positive feedback of fire frequency on nutrient losses, because the fine fuel consumption through fire was higher in the grassy understorey than in previously less frequently burned understoreys. A comparison between estimates of ecosystem nutrient inputs and fire-related losses of N, P, Ca, and K associated with burning regimes representing 7, 3, and 1 fire per decade showed that the frequent recurrence of fire will lead to a long-term depletion of P, Ca, and K, and probably also N. Owing to the relatively low fine fuel accumulation following fire, which reached a maximum of ca. 12 t ha^− 1 after ca. 10 years, prescribed fires can be carried out at longer intervals such as once per decade in a safe manner to conserve nutrients on site.     

纤维素酶水解棕榈壳制取乙醇研究

先将棕榈壳置于多功能水解反应器中于200℃,4.0 MPa,液固比15∶1,搅拌转速500 r/min条件下纯水预处理5 min,半纤维素和纤维素含量分别从21.74%,45.42%变为2.35%,47.63%,再以一定比例混合预处理液与棕榈壳残渣,研究液固比,温度,加酶量和时间对棕榈壳糖化工艺的影响,结果表明液固比为16∶1最合适,低温37℃比高温50℃更有利于棕榈壳的糖化,从长时间看,加酶量并不完全与原料转化率成正相关,以小于10 FPU/g为宜。糖化效果取决于β-葡萄糖苷酶对葡萄糖的耐受性以及预处理效果。采用酿酒酵母对糖化液发酵,乙醇得率为77%。通过电镜扫描发现,预处理与酶解后的残渣的结构比原料明显疏松,长条状晶束结构有着不同的程度的破坏,但木质素结构破坏较小。     

草坪草屑的加工与利用

我国每年修剪草坪产生大量的草坪草屑,对草坪草屑的加工利用,可以对我国能源、饲料、肥料及蛋白资源的短缺起到一定的缓解作用,因此如何对草坪草屑进行合理利用已成为一项重要的研究课题。本文综述了草坪草屑能源化、饲料化、肥料化和深加工4种利用方式,详细介绍了草坪草屑在发酵生产能源、饲喂家畜、堆肥还坪以及加工叶蛋白等方面的研究进展,指出禾本科草坪草屑和豆科草坪草屑应采用不同的处理方式,对各加工方式的投入和产出也应进行进一步的量化核算,同时总结并展望了草坪草屑利用方式的发展前景。     

燃烧室与油束匹配的动态计算

介绍了一种燃烧室与油束匹配的动态计算方法和计算过程,通过计算可以保证在整个供油持续期内燃油喷射在燃烧室内特定的区域,避免喷射到活塞顶部和燃烧室底部,确保油、气的充分均匀混合,避免因燃油喷射到活塞顶部和燃烧室底部而引起的燃烧不充分,从而造成油耗的升高和颗粒排放的增加。针对一种欧Ⅳ排放的四缸柴油机进行了计算验证。