蒸煮爆破处理过程中毛竹材加工剩余物主要化学成分的变化研究

采用硫酸水解法(aldito-acetate procedure)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析了蒸爆过程中毛竹材加工剩余物纤维聚集态结构及主要化学成分的变化.研究结果表明,(1)毛竹材加工剩余物经蒸爆处理,60%左右的半纤维素水解,木质素低分子化且裸露到纤维表面,易被80%乙醇及木质素溶剂提取,从而实现毛竹材加工剩余物主要组分的有效分离.(2)毛竹材加工剩余物经蒸爆处理,80%乙醇抽提物得率提高,综纤维素得率减少,木质素含量减少:葡萄糖相对含量增加,半纤维素降解明显.(3)210℃处理10 min和220℃处理10 min的蒸爆浆的化学组成变化几乎没有区别,但两者与200℃处理10 min差别较大,210℃处理10 min是毛竹材加工剩余物适宜的处理温度.(4)FTIR结果显示蒸爆处理后在1040～1060 cm-1区的吸收峰分裂为明显的2个峰表明半纤维素降解,1166 cm-1处的吸收强度明显减弱,表明C-O-C键有不同程度的断裂.X-身寸线衍射分析结果显示毛竹材加工剩余物蒸爆处理后纤维素相对结晶度增加.     

Effect of subcritical hydrophobicity in a sandy soil on water infiltration and mobile water content

Recent research shows that most soils are more or less water repellent. Already subcritical water repellency may cause incomplete soil wetting and preferential flow. Both processes potentially reduce the residence time of water and solutes in the vadose zone, resulting in an enhanced risk of groundwater contamination. The objective of the present paper is, therefore, to evaluate the impact of reduced soil wettability on the soil water infiltration rate and to investigate the tendency towards preferential flow with the analysis of the immobile water content in the infiltration zone. In november 2002, a field experiment was done in a coniferous forest, 30 km N of Hannover, Germany. Soil hydrophobicity was quantified by measuring the contact angles. The hydraulic conductivity of the podsolic sandy soil was measured depth‐dependent with a double‐ring tension infiltrometer in three soil horizons. To quantify possible preferential‐flow effects, a LiBr‐Tracer was added to the infiltrating water to evaluate the mobile water‐content fraction after infiltration. Additionally, infiltration rates of water were compared with infiltration rates of ethanol which were determined after water infiltration at the same locations. Results show that the actual water repellency of field‐moist soil was mainly subcritical (contact angle <90°). Water infiltration rates were reduced due to subcritical repellency by a factor of 3–170 compared with ethanol infiltration rates (exclusion of wetting effects). This spatially variable infiltration behavior was not clearly reflected neither by the small‐scale contact‐angle measurements nor by the analysis of the average immobile soil water content in the infiltration zone. We conclude that this specific infiltration behavior of water caused by small‐scale wettability effects may temporarily reduce the local connectivity of water‐flow pathways.     

固定化酵母发酵生产酒精的研究——Ⅰ.小试试验

在实验室以糖蜜、红薯干为原料,进行了固定化酵母发酵生产酒精的研究.结果表明:(1)固定化酵母较自由细胞有较宽的pH 适应范围,因而可将发酵pH 调得偏酸些.(2)固定化酵母较自由细胞有较强的耐热性.温度偶然升到45℃,15min 内不会损害酵母活性.(3)固定化酵母颗粒连续使用3个月活力不减.(4)以糖蜜为原料其平均转化率达91.0%,残糖值为1.24;以红薯为原料,其转化率为94.8%。残糖值为0.48.     

离子束诱变技术及其在甜高粱能源开发中的应用

利用离子束诱变技术进行甜高粱品种和酵母菌种的选育,旨在甜高粱燃料乙醇产业化的有效开发。对离子束诱变技术的原理及其在植物、微生物诱变育种方面的应用进展进行了简要概述,并对中科院近代物理研究所在甜高粱燃料乙醇产业化研发中对重离子诱变育种的初步应用进行介绍和展望。     

一种适用于蜘蛛标本的DNA提取方法

以蜘蛛标本为实验材料,在研究前人的DNA提取方法的基础上,经过改进后总结出一套适用于蜘蛛标本DNA提取的方法,为分子生物学技术在蜘蛛分类、鉴定和亲缘关系等方面上的应用奠定基础。     

汽油车怠速排放分析与怠速净化器的试验研究

本文探讨了汽油车怠速工况废气中,主要有害气体排放浓度进一步加剧的原因,在于现代化油器怠速油系存在结构的缺陷,并提出了改善途径;同时较详细地介绍了怠速净化器的结构和工作原理。     

固定化酵母发酵生产酒精的研究——Ⅱ.中试试验

通过进行总体积4.14 m~3规模的中试生产试验,证明固定化酵母细胞发酵生产酒精新工艺具有发酵速度快、效率高、易控制、污染少、简化设备等优点,发酵液酒分达8.57%左右,残糖值1.39%左右,发酵周期20 h 左右,平均转化率达88.2%以上,生产指标达到了中试所在工厂同期生产水平.     

云南发展生物质能的比较优势与策略

以燃料乙醇和生物柴油为例,阐述了云南生物质能十分丰富,而油气资源较为贫乏的能源特点,分析了云南发展生物质能源的比较优势,提出了发展策略.     

农用拖拉机油耗的微机模拟研究

文中介绍了应用微机研究拖拉机耗油的方法。该方法以理论分析为基础,结合经验关系式建立了拖拉机油耗的微机模拟模型。模型输出与田间实验测得的数据进行了比较。比较结果表明,除了发动机转速特别低的情况下,计算油耗与实际测得的油耗基本一致。本文还利用该模拟模型分析了影响拖拉机油耗的因素。正确有效的操作可提高燃油利用率。     

玉米挤压膨化酒精发酵的研究

将玉米挤压膨化后用于酒精发酵，通过正交试验，得出最佳工艺条件：料水比１５，液化酶用量１．０ｍｇ／ｇ原料，糖化酶用量２０．０ｍｇ／ｇ原料，液化时间６０ｍｉｎ，糖化时间２５ｍｉｎ，出酒率达４１．４１％（９６％，Ｖ／Ｖ），比对照试验的低温蒸煮工艺提高出酒率５％左右。并对提高出酒率的原因作了分析。