Supplemental saline drip irrigation applied at different growth stages of two bell pepper cultivars grown with or without mulch in non-saline soil

The effect of supplemental saline (2.5 dS m⁻¹) drip irrigation and black polyethylene mulch on two cultivars of bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) was investigated under field conditions using a randomized complete block design with split-split plot restriction. The research included six irrigation treatments (main plots): (i) non-saline irrigation control applied throughout growth (None), (ii) saline irrigation from transplanting until formation of the first fruit set (S1S2), (iii) saline irrigation from transplanting until appearance of the first flower and from first harvest to final harvest (S1S4), (iv) saline irrigation from appearance of the first flower to first harvest (S2S3), (v) saline irrigation from fruit set to final harvest (S3S4), and (vi) saline irrigation throughout growth (All); two mulch treatments (subplots): (i) black mulch and (ii) bare soil; and two bell pepper cultivars (sub-subplots): (i) Early Sunsation and (ii) Red Knight. Production of fully ripened fruits was higher in mulched plants regardless of saline irrigation treatments. In humid areas with non-saline soil, supplemental saline drip irrigation could be used with black polyethylene mulch to save water while maintaining fruit production.     

Water use efficiency and fruit quality of table grape under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation

Two-year field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation on fruit yield, fruit quality and water use efficiency of table grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv Rizamat) in the arid region of northwest China. Three irrigation treatments were included, i.e. CDI (conventional drip irrigation, both sides of the root-zone irrigated), ADI (alternate drip irrigation, both sides of the root-zone irrigated alternatively with half the water) and FDI (fixed drip irrigation, only one side of the root system irrigated with half the water). Results indicated that compared to CDI, ADI kept the same photosynthetic rate (P_n) but reduced transpiration rate, thus increased leaf water use efficiency (WUE) of table grape. And diurnal variation of leaf water potential showed no significant differences during 7.00 a.m. to 14.00 p.m. in both years. ADI also produced similar yield and improved WUE_ET by 26.7–46.4% and increased the percentage of edible grape by 3.88–5.78%, vitamin C content in the fruit by 15.3–42.2% and ratio of total soluble solid concentration/titrated acid in both years as compared to CDI. Thus ADI saved irrigation water, improved the water use efficiency and fruit quality of table grape without detrimental effect on the fruit yield in arid region.     

水肥对高产无性系油茶果实产量的影响

以肥料氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)不同施用量和灌溉水量(H2O)为试验因子,采用二次通用旋转组合设计,研究了水肥对油茶鲜果产量的影响。结果表明,N、P、K和H2O的用量对油茶鲜果产量均存在显著的影响,且N与K、K与H2O对油茶鲜果产量存在显著的互作效应。试验因子间的交互作用使油茶鲜果产量明显提高,达到最大值时4个因子的编码值分别为:N为1.03、P为0.62、K为1.19、H2O为0.92,即全年每株油茶施有效养分N 181.8 g、P2O5 48.6 g、K2O 287.1 g,灌水29.2 kg,相当于每hm2施用N 795 kg、P2O5 80 kg、K2O 474 kg,灌水48 m3。采用该方案,油茶鲜果产量可达到最大为5 131 kg hm2。     

赣南华盛顿脐橙果实发育中几种矿质营养含量动态的研究

赣南红黄壤的土壤条件导致柑橘树体缺素现象比较普遍,而华盛顿脐橙缺素症状并不明显.本文以赣南华盛顿脐橙为试验材料,对其果实发育中果实不同部位(果皮和果肉)的B、Ca、K、Mg和叶片(越冬老叶和当年春梢叶)的B、Ca、K、Mg、Fe、Mn和Zn含量变化进行了对比测定.结果表明:果皮和果肉B含量均于果实膨大期出现显著上升高峰;而对应的Ca含量在幼果期至果实膨大初期相对较高,之后趋明显下降.老叶的B、Ca、Fe和Mn含量均相对稳定,对应春梢叶四者含量均于花后100 d(高温干旱期)出现大幅度下降,之后呈类似的变化趋势;而春梢叶的K、Mg和Zn含量并无此显著下降过程,且老叶的Mg和Zn含量均低于缺乏临界值.     

辽宁蔬菜水果硝酸盐含量及其安全性问题探讨

本文通过对辽宁省主要蔬菜和水果硝酸盐含量的测定,参比国内外硝酸盐含量分级评价标准,分析了目前全省蔬菜和水果食用的安全状况,提出了降低蔬菜水果产品中硝酸盐含量的有效途径。     

对蜂蜜中主要抗褐变因子的探讨

选用ＡＧ５０Ｗ－Ｘ８阳离子交换树脂，并以批处理的方式，成功地将蜂蜜中的肽类物质与其它组合得到了分离。抗褐变实验结果清楚地表明，蜂蜜中的肽类成分完全没有抑制褐变的活性。这与以前的报道截然不同。     

Fruit Quality at Harvest of “Jonathan” Apple Treated with Foliarly-Applied Calcium Chloride

Abstract

The response of “Jonathan” apple trees (Malus domestica, Borkh.) grafted on EMLA 111 to frequent application of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) was studied at Topeka, Emporia, and Conway Springs, Kansas, orchards in 2002. Trees were sprayed one to eight times with foliar applications of calcium chloride at the rate of 8.971 kg ha^?1. First spray was made when fruits were 1.4, 0.9, and 1.6 cm diameter at Topeka, Emporia, and Conway Springs, respectively. More than six applications of CaCl₂ improved fruit quality at harvest. Improvement included an increase in fruit weight, size, appearance, skin redness, and reduction of scald incidents. Although CaCl₂ applications had no effect on percent of soluble solids, the ratio of soluble solid content to titratable acidity was increased by frequent CaCl₂ application. Fruit skin redness was the most improved quality of “Jonathan” apple as the result of CaCl₂ applications. No symptoms of fruit russetting or leaf scalding resulting from frequent CaCl₂ application were observed. Increase in fruit quality was attributed to a linear increase in Ca concentrations in fruit and leaf tissues. Increase in Ca concentrations in fruit and leaf tissues of treated trees coincided with increases in potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) concentrations compared with untreated control trees. Potassium, Mg, P, and N were correlated with fruit quality as much as, or in some cases more than, Ca. This information suggests that changes in mineral balance with CaCl₂ applications contributed to improvement of fruit quality and is evidence that frequent Ca application improved “Jonathan” apple quality in Kansas.     

Application Methods of Calcium Supplements Affect Nutrient Levels and Calcium Forms in Mature Tomato Fruits

AZ‐Germ Salt II, a salt tolerant line of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) at the germination stage, was compared with its parent line Mesa Sirsa in sand culture at the germination and seedling stages and in hydroponic culture at the adult stage under greenhouse conditions. The sodium chloride (NaCl) treatments used were 0 or 100 mol/m³ in half strength Hoagland nutrient solution. AZ‐Germ Salt II was superior to Mesa Sirsa in biomass production at all three stages. AZ‐Germ Salt II had significantly greater chloride (Cl) in the plumules and radicle than Mesa Sirsa at the germination stage. The two lines did not differ in shoot and root sodium (Na) and shoot Cl at the seedling stage. However, at the adult stage AZ‐Germ Salt II accumulated significantly higher Na in the shoots and roots and Cl in the shoots compared with Mesa Sirsa. The two lines did not differ in tissue potassium/sodium (K/Na) ratios in all three experiments, although K concentrations were higher in the seedling shoots and roots, and in the plumules of AZ‐Germ Salt II than Mesa Sirsa. The K versus Na selectivities were higher in the plumules and seedling shoots and roots of AZ‐Germ Salt II compared with Mesa Sirsa, whereas at the adult stage the reverse was true. The lines also did not show any difference in tissue calcium (Ca) concentrations at any stage. It is concluded that salt tolerance in these two lines is not age‐dependent. The pattern of ion accumulation varies with the change in growth stage. Generally there is a positive correlation between Na and Cl accumulation and growth in alfalfa.     

土壤水分状况对温室青茄水分利用和外观品质的影响

为确定温室青茄优质高效的灌溉指标, 采用小区试验方法, 研究了不同生育阶段土壤水分状况对滴灌条件下温室青茄耗水量、产量、水分利用效率及果实外观品质的影响。研究结果表明, 任何时段水分亏缺均会降低青茄的耗水量; 温室青茄果实大小、坐果数以及最终产量均随水分亏缺程度的增大而减小, 产量、水分利用均与耗水量呈现良好的二次抛物线关系, 最优耗水量在307.12~339.59 mm 之间。当青茄土壤水分(占田间持水量的百分比)下限控制在苗期60%~70%、开花坐果期和成熟采摘期均为70%时, 产量及坐果率较高, 水分利用效率较佳, 可作为滴灌条件下温室青茄适宜的土壤水分控制指标。     

沙田柚主产区土壤养分状况与果实品质关系初探

2005年在广东省梅州市沙田柚主产区进行了采样调查,测定了梅州市松口镇大黄、小黄、蓬下、蓬上4个村沙田柚果园0～60 cm土层土壤养分含量,分析了相应果园沙田柚果实的主要品质.结果表明:供试土壤养分状况差异较大,小黄和大黄的氮磷钾有效态营养状况均处于适宜等级,而蓬上和蓬下的碱解氮处于缺乏等级.沙田柚果实品质也存在一定差异,小黄和大黄的沙田柚果实中还原糖和维生素含量较高,较蓬上和蓬下的沙田柚味甜多汁.相关分析表明,沙田柚果实中还原糖与土壤碱解氮呈显著正相关,维生素C与土壤碱解氮呈极显著正相关,而与速效钾呈极显著负相关,总酸与土壤全氮、全磷,有效磷、缓效钾呈极显著正相关.说明沙田柚果实品质受土壤氮磷钾营养状况的影响,特别是与土壤氮素含量密切相关.