麦秸秆全量还田下耕整地方式对机插水稻产量和品质的影响

为探索麦秸秆全量还田条件下实现水稻增产、品质提高的适宜耕整地方式,于2021-2022年开展大田试验,以迟熟中粳水稻南粳5 718为材料,在麦秸秆全量还田和不还田条件下,设置一体化旱地双轴旋耕整地（T1）、旱地单轴旋耕+水田单轴旋耕整地（T2）、水田单轴旋耕整地（T3）3种耕整地方式,研究麦秸秆还田量与耕整地方式以及两者互作对机插水稻产量和品质特征的影响。结果表明,与麦秸秆不还田相比,麦秸秆全量还田下的水稻产量在T1方式下增加4.54%～5.45%(P<0.05),在T2和T3方式下降低。3种耕整地方式水稻产量在麦秸秆不还田下表现为T2>T1>T3,在麦秸秆全量还田下表现为T1>T2>T3,其中麦秸秆全量还田下T1处理较麦秸秆不还田的T2处理产量有所提高,但无显著差异。这一结果可能与麦秸秆全量还田与T1处理互作降低了稻田土壤容重、增加了耕作深度和土壤Eh有关,从而促进了水稻有效穗数的增加,提高了成熟期干物质积累量和收获指数,实现了水稻产量的增加。麦秸秆全量还田较不还田降低了各耕整地方式下稻米的垩白面积和垩白度,改善了稻米外观品质;降低了稻米的直链淀粉含量,...     

知识图谱技术及其在农业领域应用研究进展

随着农业大数据时代的到来,如何开展直观的有效信息挖掘成为数据利用的一大难题。作为一种能够帮助人们高效地管理现实世界中事物及其关系的异构语义网络,知识图谱应用在近年来备受关注。在农业数据不断增加、结构越来越复杂的背景下,将知识图谱应用于农业领域有助于农业大数据分析,促进智慧农业发展。该文首先分析了知识图谱构建的模式,即自顶向下、自底向上及两种模式结合等3种模式的特点,然后从本体构建、知识抽取、知识融合、知识推理、知识图谱存储及可视化5个方面综述了农业知识图谱构建的关键技术应用进展与难点,接着对当前知识图谱在农业领域的应用进行了梳理,主要有农业专题文献计量研究、农业信息检索、农业知识问答和农业信息资源推荐等4个方面,最后对知识图谱技术在农业领域的应用研究方向进行了展望,认为未来应关注基于知识图谱的农产品电商推荐、动态农业知识图谱的构建、跨领域知识图谱的构建与关联等方面。     

Magnetic field effect on the fluorescence properties of two metal(II) complexes based on 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyltrithio-tri-acetate

Two metal (Ⅱ) complexes based on 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyltrithio-tri-acetate exhibit similar (6,3)-connected 2D layer with kgd topology. Negative and positive magnetic field effects (MFEs) on the fluorescence properties of the Mn(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ) complexes are observed, respectively.     

铝盐絮凝天然橡胶制备及其性能表征

采用铝盐絮凝天然胶乳,探讨所得生胶的理化性能、硫化特性及其动态力学性能与传统凝固方法之间的差异.结果表明:通过氯化铝与盐酸溶液的互配,能够获得理化性能指标均达标的生胶产品;氯化铝与盐酸混合溶液凝固胶的拉伸强度较高;铝离子的存在有利于提高天然橡胶的加工安全性,使天然橡胶的损耗因子和损耗模量略有升高,但其储能模量降低.通过红外光谱可以看出,铝盐凝固胶蛋白质的特征吸收峰比酸凝固的弱.     

Influence of precipitations and sunshine hours on yield of paddy field grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Northern Kyushu,Japan

ABSTRACT

Relationships between wheat (Triticum æstivum L.) yield components and growing season weather conditions (e.g. temperature, precipitation, and sunshine duration) were investigated for a rice-wheat rotation paddy system situated in Northern Kyushu, Japan over a 17-year period (2000–2016). A 1.0 mm increase in precipitation from 21 to 32 days after sowing decreased wheat yield by about 27 kg ha^?1 at early seedling stage with one to two leaves (Zadoks (Z) growth stage Z1.1–1.2). Number of tillers and spikes showed significant negative correlations to the amount of precipitation during the period. An hour increase in mean daily sunshine hours from 94 to 111 days after sowing resulted in an 328 kg ha^?1 rise in grain yield at stem elongation stage with the first and second node detection (Z3.1–3.2). The grain number per square meter also showed strong positive correlations to sunshine hours during the same period. However, this positive effect of sunshine was negated when precipitation exceeded about 30 mm during the early seedling stage. Consequently, precipitations at early seedling stage and sunshine hours at stem elongation stage mostly determined wheat yield in Northern Kyushu paddy field. Increasing precipitations during the early seedling stage highlights the pressing need for effective paddy field drainage management from wheat sowing through harvest.

Abbreviations: CP: Chikushi Plains; FARC: Fukuoka prefectural Agriculture and Forestry Research Center; SARC: Saga prefectural Agricultural Research Center; DAS: days after sowing     

环洞庭湖双季稻区玉米品种比较试验

为筛选出能应对湖南双季稻区突发性农业气象灾害、适宜灾后补救的玉米新品种,以湖南省近年种植面积较大或新审定的25个杂交玉米新品种为试验材料,采用间比法分析各品种的丰产性、适应性、生育期和抗逆性。结果表明,参试品种的平均产量为7.25 t/hm2,产量超过对照（临奥1号）10%以上的品种有13个,其中,科玉2号、东315、湘康玉2号、三北2号、湘康玉1号、科玉6号、洛玉1号、丰玉8号等8个品种,产量高,品质好,综合性状优良,可进入下一年的灾后补救玉米品种筛选试验。     

秸秆还田与覆膜对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育的影响

试验研究秸秆还田对不同覆膜时期的全膜双垄沟播玉米生长发育与土壤理化特性的影响。结果表明,经秸秆还田后全膜双垄沟播耕层土壤养分含量变化依次表现为整株还田>秸秆粉碎>免耕留茬,不同覆膜时间对土壤养分变化影响不明显;秸秆还田土壤容重明显降低但免耕留茬一膜两年用处理土壤容重增大。在玉米生育前期经秸秆还田后的土壤温度与水分均显著低于对照,其株高、茎粗与叶面积均小于对照;在玉米生育后期秸秆腐解后对土壤水分起到一个补偿效应。玉米产量表现为秋覆膜整株秸秆还田>顶凌覆膜整株秸秆还田>秋覆膜秸秆粉碎还田>顶凌覆膜秸秆粉碎还田>免耕留茬一膜两年用,秸秆还田后玉米产量较对照有增产趋势,而免耕留茬一膜两年用有减产倾向,但处理间差异不显著。     

A method for under-bark detection of the wood grain angle radial dependence

Abstract

Twist in wood, being closely related to spiral grain, may cause serious problems in building structures, furniture and joinery. It is therefore of great interest to sort out, at an early stage in the manufacturing process, trees, logs and boards that have an excess of spiral grain. The spiral grain pattern is described by a helical deviation of the fibre direction in relation to the longitudinal direction of a living tree or a log and seems to be an indicator for other defects such as compression wood. Remote microwave sensing of spiral grain has received a lot of interest during the past two decades. Its development has been impeded by the large variation with moisture content of the microwave properties of wood and by the complexity in modelling the electromagnetic field in a log with spiral grain. A review is presented of a direct method with no requirement for information on moisture content for boards. This procedure has recently been generalized to cylindrical logs and trees having a constant slope of the grain. A further generalization is presented here to allow for the normal spiral grain pattern with radially changing slope of grain in wood under bark. Based on this theory, a measurement procedure is proposed for the detection of wood grain angle with radial dependence, requiring no information on moisture content in the sapwood, which is also applicable to completely or partially frozen wood. A suitable application would be an instrument to use in the forest for measurements on living trees or logs.     

Descriptive epidemiological study of the use of antimicrobial drugs by companion animal veterinarians in New Zealand

Abstract

AIM: To describe the patterns of use of antimicrobial drugs by veterinary surgeons treating commonly presented bacterial infections in companion animals in New Zealand.

METHODS: A postal survey of 800 randomly selected companion animal veterinarians practicing in New Zealand was conducted between August and December 2008. Data were collected regarding the antimicrobials prescribed for recent cases of skin, ear and urinary tract infections; the use of culture and susceptibility testing; and veterinarian characteristics such as proportion of time spent treating companion animals and recent attendance at continuing professional development (CPD) events. Potential associations within the data were explored using extended mosaic plots and multivariable regression models.

RESULTS:Completed surveys from 393 respondents were available for analysis, providing data on systemic antimicrobial drug use for 1,799 cases of presumptive bacterial infections. The most frequently prescribed drugs were amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (864 cases, 48%), cephalexin (558, 31%), and fluoroquinolones (198, 11%). Of 359 cases of canine superficial pyoderma, 157 (44%) were treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and 155 (43%) were treated with cephalexin with median reported treatment durations of 7 and 10 days, for these two drugs respectively. Culture and susceptibility tests had been used in 376 of 1,984 (19%) of all reported cases and 160 (43%) of these were suspected urinary tract infections. Practitioners that spent 100% of their time treating companion animals and who had attended a CPD course related to companion animals within the 12 months prior to completing the survey were more likely to submit a sample for culture and susceptibility testing and to prescribe longer courses of antimicrobials for the treatment of canine pyoderma than practitioners who spent less than 100% of their time treating companion animals and had not attended a CPD course in the last 12 months.

CONCLUSIONS: Broad-spectrum drugs considered by the World Health Organisation to be critically important for human health, such as fluoroquinolones and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, are amongst the most frequently prescribed antimicrobials in companion animal medicine, and these drugs are often prescribed without submitting a sample for culture and susceptibility testing.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Many cases of superficial pyoderma were treated for less than the recommended duration of 21 days, which may contribute to a higher rate of recurrent pyoderma and the development of drug resistance within the causal bacteria. Veterinarians should be aware that the use of fluoroquinolones, in particular, should be based upon the results of a culture and susceptibility test.     

Proceedings of the 2013 Joint JSTP/NTP Satellite Symposium

The first joint Japanese Society of Toxicologic Pathology (JSTP) and National Toxicology Program (NTP) Satellite Symposium, entitled “Pathology Potpourri,” was held on January 29^th at Okura Frontier Hotel in Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, in advance of the JSTP’s 29^th Annual Meeting. The goal of this Symposium was to present current diagnostic pathology or nomenclature issues to the toxicologic pathology community. This article presents summaries of the speakers’ presentations, including diagnostic or nomenclature issues that were presented, select images that were used for audience voting or discussion, and the voting results. Some lesions and topics covered during the symposium include: treatment-related atypical hepatocellular foci of cellular alteration in B6C3F1 mice; purulent ventriculoencephalitis in a young BALB/c mouse; a subcutaneous malignant schwannoma in a RccHan:WIST rat; spontaneous nasal septum hyalinosis/eosinophilic substance in B6C3F1 mice; a rare pancreatic ductal cell adenoma in a young Lewis rat; eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia in a transgenic mouse model; hyaline glomerulopathy in two female ddY mice; treatment-related intrahepatic erythrocytes in B6C3F1 mice; treatment-related subendothelial hepatocytes in B6C3F1 mice; spontaneous thyroid follicular cell vacuolar degeneration in a cynomolgus monkey; congenital hepatic fibrosis in a 1-year-old cat; a spontaneous adenocarcinoma of the middle ear in a young Crl:CD(SD) rat; and finally a series of cases illustrating some differences between cholangiofibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma in Sprague Dawley and F344 rats.