Slurry injection with nitrification inhibitor in maize: Plant phosphorus,zinc, and manganese status

Slurry injection below the maize (Zea mays L.) row may substitute a mineral nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) starter fertilizer (MSF) and thus reduce nutrient surpluses in regions with intensive livestock husbandry. We investigated the plant P, zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) status compared to the current farm practice. In 2014 and 2015 field trials were conducted to evaluate plant nutrient status at different growth stages. Besides an unfertilized control, two slurry injection treatments (±nitrification inhibitor (NI)) were compared to slurry broadcast application plus MSF. In both experiments NI addition significantly increased nutrient concentrations during early growth (6-leaf 2015: +33% P, +25% Zn, +39% Mn). Under P deficiency due to cold weather conditions broadcast application showed higher P uptake until 6-leaf (36–58%), while it was lower at 8- (32%) and 10-leaf (19%) stage compared to slurry injection (+NI). Zn availability was enhanced for slurry injection (+NI) during early growth and Zn and Mn uptakes were higher at harvest. Slurry injection decreased P balances by 10–14 kg P ha^?1, while Zn and Mn balances were excessive independent of treatments. Slurry injection (+NI) can substitute a MSF without affecting early growth and enhances the Zn and Mn status. This new fertilizing strategy enables farmers to reduce P surpluses.     

Effects of physical form of starter and forage provision to young calves on blood metabolites,liver composition and intestinal morphology

This study evaluated the effects of physical form of starter feed and forage provision on the performance, blood metabolites, liver composition and intestinal morphology of dairy calves. Individually housed calves (n = 52; body weight = 41.5 ± 2.5 kg) were randomly allocated (n = 13 per treatment) to one of the following four treatments: (i) ground starter feed (GS; mean particle size = 0.72 mm in diameter), (ii) textured starter feed (TS; mean particle size = 3.61 mm in diameter, including steam‐flaked corn and barley), (iii) pelleted starter feed (PS; mean particle size = 4.53 mm in diameter) and (iv) ground starter feed with chopped alfalfa hay (GS + AH; mean particle size = 1.02 mm in diameter). The calves fed GS + AH diets had greater (p < 0.01) starter intake, final body weight and average daily gain compared with the other groups, while GS and TS groups both had greater (p < 0.01) starter intake than the PS group. Feed efficiency was found to be better (p < 0.05) in the TS group than in the GS or PS group, but not different from the GS + AH one. Compared with the other groups, the GS + AH group had the highest (p < 0.01), while the PS one had the lowest (p < 0.01) concentrations of blood glucose and triglyceride. The calves fed GS + AH had the highest blood concentrations of total protein, globulin, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T4), T3 : T4 ratio (p < 0.05) and levels of fat and glycogen in the liver (p < 0.01) compared with the other groups. The highest (p < 0.05) liver glycogen contents were observed in the GS + AH and TS groups. The duodenum, ileum and jejunum in the calves fed GS + AH exhibited a greater muscle layer thickness (p < 0.05) compared with the other groups. Based on the results obtained, the addition of dietary forage to starter diets positively influenced performance, liver composition and intestinal morphology in developing calves.     

中国传统乳制品中优良乳酸菌的筛选及复合菌株发酵的初步研究

该试验针对中国少数民族传统乳制品,分离纯化得到56株乳酸菌。其中7株厌氧菌,11株乳球菌,38株乳杆菌。通过传代试验、凝乳时间、酸奶酸度及凝乳时风味的感官评价,选出其中4株性能较佳的乳酸菌：杆菌A、B,球菌C、D。球杆菌1∶1进行复合菌发酵性能研究,结果表明复合菌在发酵过程中,产酸速度比单菌株发酵剂快,能在5h内达到凝乳,且后酸化程度较弱,4℃保藏21d后酸度维持在120°T左右,符合工业化发酵剂的要求。通过对4种复合菌发酵剂的后酸化能力、产双乙酰能力、蛋白水解能力以及发酵乳的感官效果比较,最后筛选出AD复合菌发酵牛乳的效果最佳,具有成为生产发酵剂的潜力。     

用发酵剂改良的风干香肠微生物特性的研究

为了改良风干肠的品质 ,试验把发酵剂人工接种入风干肠中 ,并且以自然发酵肠和直接烘烤的干肠作对照 ,通过对发酵和烘烤过程中微生物指标的研究 ,以及对产品的感官评定来鉴定其品质。结果表明 ,在发酵和烘烤过程中 ,乳酸菌为优势菌群     

Optimizing nursery diets for post-metamorphic stage black sea bass: Growth performance,body composition,and feed utilization on open-formulated and commercial starter diets

The objective of this study was to optimize nursery diets for post-metamorphic stage black sea bass by evaluating growth performance, whole-body proximate and fatty acid composition, and utilization of University of North Carolina Wilmington (UNCW)-formulated and commercial diets under laboratory conditions. A feeding trial was conducted to compare two UNCW-formulated diets (D1 and D2) for black sea bass (54% crude protein = CP and 14% crude lipid = CL) and two premium, commercial marine finfish fry diets, Otohime (Reed Mariculture Inc., Campbell, CA, CP = 48% and CL = 14%, CD3) and Gemma Diamond (Skretting, Nutreco, Canada, CP = 57%, CL = 15%, CD4). The UNCW-formulated diet 1 (D1) contained high fish meal (FM, 40% of diet), whereas UNCW-formulated diet 2 (D2) replaced 50% FM protein by high-quality poultry by-product meal (PBM) protein. Post-metamorphic stage black sea bass (~0.60 g, d40ph) were stocked in each of sixteen 75-L tanks at a density of 1 fish per L (75 per tank), with four replicate aquaria per treatment. Fish were fed four times per day (0800, 1100, 1400, and 1600 h) to apparent satiation for 30 days. Final body weight (5.70–5.74), specific growth rate (7.40–7.45%/d), and percent body weight gain (834–848%) of fish fed the UNCW-formulated D1 (FM-based) and D2 (FM + PBM-based) were higher (p < .05) than in fish fed the commercial diets CD3 and CD4 (4.66–5.21 g, 6.80–7.15%/d, and 668–756%, respectively). Feed intake (% body weight/d was significantly lower for fish fed commercial diet (CD4) (3.94) compared with fish fed CD3 (4.20), but feed intake for CD3 was not significantly different compared with the UNCW-formulated diets D1 and D2 (4.10–4.12). Feed conversion ratios (0.76–0.82) were significantly higher for fish fed CD3 (0.82) than for fish fed D1 and CD4 (0.76). Survival was high (99–100%) in all diet treatments. Final whole-body crude protein content (15.2 to 15.9% wet basis), moisture (68.9–69.6%), and ash (4.31–4.77%) showed no significant differences; however, whole-body crude lipid was lower in fish fed CD3 (9.67%) than in fish fed the other diets (9.96–10.22%). Final whole-body fatty acid composition reflected the diet composition. Higher feed consumption and growth of fish fed the UNCW-formulated diets were attributed to a more optimal combination of marine (fish, squid, and krill meals), terrestrial plant (soybean meal) protein sources, and the addition of chemo-attractants, which provided both higher nutritional quality and palatability. The study suggests that the species-specific starter diets may improve growth performance and fingerling quality and may therefore lower production costs under intensive nursery conditions.     

发酵剂对发酵香肠微生物和理化品质的影响

分析了不同发酵剂对发酵香肠微生物、pH值、亚硝酸盐残留量和硫代巴比妥酸值的影响,并与自然发酵组比较.结果表明:相比其他发酵剂,香肠乳杆菌与木糖球菌混合发酵剂能迅速降低香肠pH值和亚硝酸盐的残留量,抑制腐败微生物的生长,提高产品的安全性.混合发酵剂和商业发酵剂的使用均能提高产品的感官品质.     

发酵羊肉乳酸菌发酵剂的筛选及发酵性能研究

通过对嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillu acidophilus,简称La),植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillu plantarum,简称Lp),干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei,简称Lc)进行生化试验,并对其耐食盐、耐亚硝酸盐、产酸能力、生长曲线、抑菌能力及拮抗性能进行试验,从而筛选出适宜于发酵羊肉的优良乳酸菌.结果表明:Lp,La对食盐、亚硝酸盐具有较好的耐受性, 能在6;的NaCl溶液和80～150 mg/kg NaNO2溶液中较好的生长;Lp,La,Lc对蛋白质、脂肪无分解作用,均能抑制大肠杆菌,金黄色葡萄球菌;三株乳酸菌的生长曲线相似,生长2 h可接入羊肉中进行发酵,生长10 h可进入后熟阶段;三株乳酸菌的产酸特性相同,pH值都能在24 h内下降到5.0以下.由于Lp,La拮抗作用弱,所以Lp,La既可单独作为肉制品发酵剂,又可作为混合发酵剂.由于Lc耐盐性和耐亚硝酸盐性差,所以不适于作为发酵肉制品发酵剂.     

植物乳杆菌高密度增殖发酵条件的研究

为了研制新型微生态制剂, 对常用益生菌株--植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum) 的增殖条件进行研究.通过单因素和响应面方法对植物乳杆菌Lp-2 的发酵培养基成分进行了筛选和优化, 确定了最佳培养基.最后,研究了大规模培养工艺及其培养过程的放大.试验表明:蔗糖29 g/L,酵母膏31 g/L,蛋白胨25 g/L,K2HPO4 20 g/L,NaAc 6 g/L,柠檬酸氢二铵2 g/L,Tween80 2 g/L,MgSO4 0.1 g/L, MnSO4 0.1 g/L,在25℃、100 r/min的培养条件下在3 t发酵罐培养9.6 h,所得植物乳杆菌的最大产量约为1010 CFU/mL.实验表明了此植物乳杆菌增殖优化方案成效明显,可以放大推广生产.     

牛粪有机肥发酵剂的筛选

设计5个菌种配伍的牛粪有机肥发酵剂(B1、B2、B3、B4、B5)和市售有机肥发酵剂(SS)分别对牛粪进行了发酵试验,对发酵温度、含水量、pH值的变化进行了监控,对所配制的发酵剂进行了活菌数、含水量及pH值的测定和部分发酵产物的质量(有机质、氮、磷、钾)测定及对油菜种籽的发芽率、生长进行了检测。结果表明:配方B5最好,发酵起温快,第2天达50益以上,发酵的第20天含水量降到50%以下,pH值在发酵的第15天降到6.5,发酵后的有机肥对油菜种籽的发芽率及生长量均最好,发芽率为100%,平均芽长7.79 mm,平均根长29.95 mm。此发酵剂的活菌总数为2.61×1010cfu/g,pH值和含水量分别为7.0、13.25%,均符合国家标准GB 20287-2006(活菌数≥2.00×109cfu/g,pH值5.5～8.5,含水量≤20%);发酵所形成的有机肥有机质含量82.17%,氮、磷、钾含量7.10%,pH值为6.5,均符合行业标准NY525-2012(有机质≥45%,氮、磷、钾≥5%,pH值5.5～8.5)。对新鲜牛粪的发酵在20 d之内完成,符合大多数有机肥生产者的要求。     

启动磷肥不同施用方式对玉米养分吸收及生长和产量的影响

为了探索启动磷肥不同施用方式对玉米生长和产量的影响,设置启动磷肥大田滴施(T1)、穴施(T2)和不施启动磷肥(CK)3个施肥处理,其中启动肥磷肥用量为P₂O₅ 30 kg·hm^-2,探究启动磷肥不同施用方式对玉米生长、养分分配和产量构成的影响;设置启动磷肥根箱土壤滴施(P1)、穴施(P2)和不施启动肥(CF)3个处理,其中启动肥磷肥用量为P₂O₅ 0.2 g·kg^-1土,探究启动磷肥施用后土壤中磷素的空间分布与迁移效果。结果表明,玉米四叶期和六叶期,T1和T2处理均显著增加了苗期玉米总根长,根表面积,地上、地下部生物量和N、P、K养分积累量。在六叶期,T1和T2处理玉米总根长较CK分别增加了21.10%和30.35%,根系表面积分别增加了23.48%和29.20%,地上和地下部生物量分别增加了31.24%和52.38%、33.61%和57.81%。与CK相比,T1和T2处理促进了玉米N、P、K养分的积累,同时促进了养分由营养器官向生殖器官的转移。在玉米吐丝期至成熟期,T1和T2处理玉米N、P、K养分转移量较CK分别增加了29.75和44.73 kg·hm^-2、10.76和14.65 kg·hm^-2、2.20和24.67 kg·hm^-2。玉米穗长、行粒数、产量和磷肥偏生产力均表现为T2>T1>CK,玉米穗秃尖长度表现为T2相似文献