Discrepancy in fine root turnover estimates between diameter-based and branch-order-based approaches: a case study in two temperate tree species

Fine root turnover plays a key role in carbon(C) budgets and nutrients cycles in forest ecosystems.However,the difference between branch-order-based and diameter-based approaches in estimating fine root turnover is still unclear.We studied root biomass turnover based on multiplying root standing biomass by turnover rate(inverse of median root longevity) in two Chinese temperate tree species,Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.and Larix gmelinii Rupr.The minirhizotron(MR) technique was used to estimate longevities for first and second order roots,and total roots(R total) apparent on the MR tube surface.The corresponding biomass for each root group was estimated by soil monolith.The difference in biomass turnover between R total and the sum of the first and second order roots was used to represent the discrepancy between diameter-and order-based approaches.First order roots had shorter life spans and higher biomass turnover rates than the second order roots in both species.Biomass turnover estimated by the order-based method for F.mandshurica and L.gmelinii were 155.4 g m-2 a-1 and 158.9 g m-2 a-1,respectively,in comparison with 99.5 g m-2 a-1 and 117.7 g m-2 a-1 estimated by the diameter-based method,indicating that the diameter-based approach underestimated biomass turnover.The most probable reason was that the order-based method enhanced separation of the heterogeneous root population into relatively homogenous root groups with varying turnover rates.We conclude that separating fine root pool into different branch orders can improve the accuracy of estimates for fine root turnover,as well as the understanding of the belowground C allocation and nutrient cycling at ecosystem level.     

3种酶液和H2O2处理对水曲柳体胚发生的影响（英文）

[目的]研究3种外源氧化酶液和H2O2处理对水曲柳体胚发生的影响。[方法]利用不同浓度多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、葡萄糖氧化酶(glucose oxidase,GOD)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)溶液和过氧化氢(Hydrogen peroxide,H2O2)处理未成熟水曲柳合子胚子叶,探索不同处理对水曲柳体胚发生中子叶外植体生长、褐化以及体胚发生的影响,通过对比分析不同处理在水曲柳体胚发生中的作用,揭示水曲柳体胚发生中外植体褐化与体胚发生的关系。[结果]H2O2处理使水曲柳外植体褐化提前发生,且抑制了外植体的生长和体胚发生;不同浓度PPO处理促进外植体生长和褐化,并提高体胚发生率;GOD和SOD处理均提高外植体的褐化率;经过酶处理的外植体,当体胚发生提前时,各体胚发生率都很低,而当处理30d的体胚诱导率与处理60d的体胚诱导率相差较大时,其体胚发生率较高。[结论]该研究结果为提高水曲柳体胚诱导率、改善水曲柳体胚发生状况和优化水曲柳体胚发生系统奠定了基础。     

绒毛白蜡盐碱地造林技术

从平整耕地、挖栽植沟或栽植穴、造林前苗木的保护与处理、苗木栽培技术、植苗后的抚育管理等方面介绍了绒毛白蜡盐碱地造林技术,为今后大力发展盐碱地区林业提供技术保障。     

3种白蜡嫩枝扦插繁殖试验研究

[目的]筛选适合白蜡嫩枝扦插繁殖的最优条件。[方法]以‘京绿’绒毛白蜡(Franxinus velutina‘Jinglü’)、‘雷舞’窄叶白蜡(F.angustifolia‘Raywood’)和‘京黄’洋白蜡(F.platyphylla‘Jinghuang’)3个品种的当年生枝条为试验材料,采用正交试验设计,研究树种、激素种类、处理浓度和浸泡时间4个因素对插穗生根的影响。[结果]树种是影响白蜡插穗生根率、生根量、根长和总根长的主导因子,白蜡嫩枝扦插的最佳组合为A_1B_3C_3D_3,即‘京绿’绒毛白蜡+ABT_1+200 mg/L+浸泡60 min。[结论]该研究可为白蜡的快速繁殖提供科学依据。     

Virulence of the invasive ash pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in old and recently established populations

Following its introduction from Asia in the 1990s, the ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus has caused a severe dieback of Fraxinus excelsior in Europe. In this study, the virulence of 200 H. fraxineus isolates were assessed and compared. These isolates equally represented (i) two geographically distant populations with a different disease history (Switzerland, recently established populations at the epidemic front versus Lithuania, old established populations), and (ii) isolates from two different types of host tissue (necrotic bark lesions as dead‐end tissue versus fallen leaf petioles as primary host tissue). Inoculations conducted on 3‐year‐old F. excelsior seedlings showed that the vast majority of the isolates (98%) were able to induce necrotic bark lesions after 10 months. Although a high variation in virulence was observed among isolates, no significant differences were detected between the older and the epidemic‐front populations. Decline in virulence of populations of invasive organisms is generally assumed with increasing age of epidemics. However, this does not appear to hold true for H. fraxineus. Either the Lithuanian population is still too young (15 to 20 years old) to show a decline in virulence, or the size of the host population may still not be critical for pathogen survival. Given that bark lesions represent an epidemiological dead end and do not benefit the survival of H. fraxineus, a trend towards reduced ‘bark virulence’ of isolates originating from leaf petioles compared to isolates from the bark lesions was expected. However, such a trend was observed neither in old, nor in recently established populations.     

Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is a leaf pathogen of local Fraxinus species in the Russian Far East

Dieback of European ash was first observed in Europe in the early 1990s. The disease is caused by the invasive ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, proposed to originate from Far East Asia, where it has been considered a harmless saprotroph. This study investigates the occurrence of H. fraxineus in tissues of local ash species in the Russian Far East, and assesses its population‐specific genetic variation by ITS sequencing. Shoot dieback symptoms, characteristic of H. fraxineus infection on European ash, were common, but not abundant, on Fraxinus mandshurica and Fraxinus rhynchophylla trees in Far East Russia. High levels of pathogen DNA were associated with necrotic leaf tissues of these ash species, indicating that the local H. fraxineus population is pathogenic to their leaves. However, the low levels of H. fraxineus DNA detected in shoots with symptoms, the failure to isolate this fungus from such tissues, and the presence of other fungi with pathogenic potential in shoots with symptoms indicate that local H. fraxineus strains may not be responsible (or their role is negligible) for the observed ash shoot dieback symptoms in the region. Conspicuous differences in ITS rDNA sequences detected between H. fraxineus isolates from Russian Far East and European populations suggest that the current ash dieback epidemic in Europe might not directly originate from the Russian Far East. Revision of the herbarium material shows that the earliest specimen of H. fraxineus was collected in 1962 from the Russian Far East and the oldest H. fraxineus specimen of China was collected in 2004.     

盐胁迫环境下接种根际促生细菌对白蜡树根际生物学特征及其生长的影响

[目的]探讨不同盐胁迫生境中接种根际促生细菌(PGPR)对白蜡树根际的作用效果,为明确PGPR对白蜡树耐盐性的改善效果以及盐胁迫环境下PGPR的推广应用提供理论依据。[方法]通过盆栽试验,研究不同盐胁迫(轻度、中度、重度)及其接种阴沟肠杆菌(PGPR)对白蜡树根际生物学特征与生长的影响。[结果]盐胁迫显著降低了白蜡树根际微生物数量、微生物量碳、氮含量和脲酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性,且其降幅随盐胁迫梯度的增加而增大;当接种PGPR后,白蜡树根际微生物数量、微生物量碳、氮含量和脲酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性均呈上升趋势,其中轻度盐胁迫接种PGPR处理的细菌数、放线菌数和微生物总量达最高,分别较对照显著提高14.64%,24.01%和17.04%,而脲酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶活性与对照差异不显著,但显著高于其他处理。同时,白蜡树的根体积、根系总吸收面积与活跃吸收面积随着盐胁迫程度的加剧呈递减趋势,但接种PGPR后,对应的根系指标均有增加,其中轻度盐胁迫接种PGPR处理的活跃吸收面积显著高于对照15.97%。此外,同对照相比,不同程度盐胁迫均显著降低了白蜡树的地径、株高,而接种PGPR却显著提高了地径、株高,其中轻度盐胁迫接种PGPR处理的地径、株高与对照差异不显著,但显著高于其他处理。[结论]轻度盐胁迫下(盐分含量0.2%)接种阴沟肠杆菌能显著改善白蜡树根际生物学特征,并促进白蜡树生长,其作用效果显著优于中度、重度盐胁迫下接种阴沟肠杆菌。     

滨海盐碱地刺槐白蜡混交林土壤酶与养分相关性研究

研究了刺槐、绒毛白蜡纯林及其混交林中不同土层在不同季节的土壤养分含量、土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明:各林分间的土壤养分含量和土壤酶活性在各个季节和土层均表现出差异。经统计分析,土壤酶活性和土壤养分含量在不同季节呈显著相关关系。土壤酶活性和土壤养分含量在土层中的分布有一定的规律性,总的来说,随着土层逐渐加深,土壤酶活性逐渐减弱,土壤养分含量逐渐下降。混交林中各土层的pH值和含盐量都低于纯林相应值,并且在树木生长、土壤养分和土壤酶活性上,混交林优于纯林。     

对节白蜡新品种“京翠”繁育技术

指出了对节白腊新品种“京翠”具有树型优美、不须修剪、自然成型的特点。介绍了嫁接繁育新品种“京翠”苗木的方法。从定植砧木、采集接穗、嫁接方法、培育管理、病虫害防治等环节详细探索了实际操作流程、方法和注意事项。以期形成一项较成熟的“京翠”品种繁育推广技术。     

大叶白蜡树锈病及其重寄生菌研究

 小叶白蜡树锈孢锈菌(Aecidium fraxinibungeanae Diet.)引起大叶白蜡树(Fraxinus chinensis var.rhynchophylla Hemsl)锈病为国内新记录。该锈病在我国重要白蜡产区乐山市严重发生,病株率和病叶率分别可达100%和56%,造成叶片病部坏死,病叶脱落,严重影响白蜡产量。大叶白蜡树锈病菌的重寄生菌(Tuberculina sp.)为国内外首次报道。该重寄生菌在乐山市及雅安市大叶白蜡树锈病菌上寄生很普遍,自然重寄生率达46.8%。重寄生菌寄生在大叶白蜡树锈菌春孢子器(锈子器)出口处,阻碍春孢子(锈孢子)的释放。本文还报道了大叶白蜡树锈病的危害、症状特点、病原形态特征及大叶白蜡树锈病菌的重寄生现象和重寄生菌形态特征。