污染水稻土中重金属的形态分布及其影响因素

通过BCR3步提取法研究了江西省贵溪铜冶炼厂污染区水稻土中重金属的形态分布。研究表明,废渣场渗滤液污染区域(渣场区)的污染较污水灌溉污染区(污灌区)严重,渣场区土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd的含量高于污灌区,而污灌区土壤Ni含量较高。在表层(0～20cm)水稻土中,Cu以可氧化态为主,Pb以可还原态和可氧化态为主,Cd以酸溶态为主,Ni以残渣态为主,不同重金属元素的有效态所占总量百分比大小顺序是Cd>Cu>Pb>Ni。土壤重金属不同形态之间也呈现一定的相关性,说明Cu与Pb、Cd、Ni之间具有同源性。土壤pH主要影响了污灌区中Cu的形态分布,以及渣场区土壤酸溶态Ni的分布。土壤有机质含量对各重金属形态分布的影响不明显。     

苹果园土壤中铜的含量及形态特征研究

 对苹果园土壤中铜的含量及其形态进行了研究, 同时对土壤铜与果树树体铜含量的关系也进行了初步分析。结果表明铜在果园土壤中有明显积累的趋势, 远较非果园土壤中高, 且随园龄的增长土壤铜显著增加。铜在果园土壤中自上而下逐步降低, 且降幅较大, 相邻土层的全铜含量有显著的相关关系。就铜的存在形态来看, 以有效性较低的有机结合态、锰结合态及无定型态为主, 而交换态含量较低, 各形态自上而下亦呈降低趋势, 上下部土层的差异显著。土壤全铜及各形态铜含量与树体中部分部位的铜含量存在显著相关关系, 其中果实中的铜含量与表土全铜、表土各形态铜含量及下部土壤的部分形态铜含量呈显著相关, 根系及枝条中铜含量与表土全铜及表土部分形态的铜也呈显著相关。     

Plant growth,water relations and transpiration of two species of African nightshade (Solanum villosum Mill. ssp. miniatum (Bernh. ex Willd.) Edmonds and S. sarrachoides Sendtn.) under water-limited conditions

The adaptation to drought stress of two African nightshade species, Solanum villosum and S. sarrachoides was investigated in pot and field experiments between 2000 and 2002. Two genotypes of S. villosum (landrace and commercial) and one accession of S. sarrachoides were grown under droughted, moderate stress and well-watered conditions. Leaf expansion, stem elongation and transpiration began to decline early in the drying cycle with fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) thresholds of 0.46–0.64. Osmotic adjustment (OA) of both species was in the range of 0.16–0.19 MPa and could not maintain positive turgor below water potentials of −1.80 to −2.04 MPa. The responses evaluated were similar in the three genotypes suggesting similar strategies of adaptation to drought stress. Under field conditions, the S. sarrachoides accession showed a higher leaf area than the S. villosum commercial genotype. It is concluded that the three African nightshade genotypes have limited OA capacity and adapt to drought mainly by regulating transpiration. This was achieved by reduction of leaf area. In general, it is necessary to maintain FTSW above 0.5–0.6 to prevent decline in leaf expansion, stem elongation, and transpiration.     

胡萝卜肉质根发育期间果胶的组成与变化

以国内具有代表性的5个胡萝卜品种为试材, 研究其肉质根发育期(播种后60～100 d) 果胶的组成及变化规律, 为胡萝卜品质育种和综合利用果胶含量较高的品种提供参考依据。结果表明: 5个胡萝卜品种的水溶性果胶(WSP) 、草酸溶性果胶(OSP) 、总果胶( TP) 含量均随肉质根的发育呈上升趋势, 酸溶性果胶(ASP) 含量因品种不同呈上升趋势或无显著性变化。在肉质根发育期间, 5个品种的果胶均以ASP为主, 占TP的75.2%～91.3%; 其次是OSP, 占TP 5.8% ～17.9%; 再次是WSP, 占2.9%～8.9%。至收获时, 橘红一号的TP含量最高, 达到12.585 mg/g, 其它4个品种的TP含量没有显著性差异,5个品种在果胶组成与含量和硬度的关系方面均未表现出相关性。     

枣麦间作巷道内间作物冬小麦灌浆期冠层光特性

为了探明枣麦间作系统中冬小麦灌浆期的冠层光合有效辐射及冬小麦产量的时空分布特征,以‘灰枣’与‘新冬20号’冬小麦间作的系统为研究对象,采用双因素裂区试验设计,研究了在4 种株行距模式下间作的冬小麦灌浆期时的冠层光特性及其产量的时空分布特征。结果显示,随着距枣树的距离增加,冬小麦灌浆期的冠层光合有效辐射及其产量不断增加,且西侧增加幅度大于东侧,整体呈现出“中间高,两侧低”、“西侧高,东侧低”的趋势;单位面积内,不同株行距的间作系统中冬小麦的有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重及产量差异显著;相对于单作,3 m×4 m的间作系统中遮阴率及减产率最低。研究发现,株行距是影响冬小麦冠层光合有效辐射截获量的主要因素,光合有效辐射截获量直接决定了冬小麦单位面积上的有效穗数、穗粒数及千粒重,进而决定了冬小麦的产量。实际生产中,可采用3 m×4 m的模式间作生产,并适当增加东部枣树株距,即可有效改善间作系统内光照条件,提高冬小麦的产量。     

蓝点马鲛鱼皮抗氧化肽FractionⅡ对D-Gal诱导氧化损伤大鼠肝脏的保护作用

研究蓝点马鲛鱼皮抗氧化肽FractionⅡ(1~4 ku)对氧化损伤Wistar大鼠肝脏的保护作用。采用D-半乳糖(D-gal)建立衰老模型,实验大鼠随机分为6组:空白对照组;D-Gal模型阴性对照组;D-Gal+维生素E(VE)阳性对照组;抗氧化肽低、中、高剂量组。通过检测血清中谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和单胺氧化酶(MAO)活性及肝组织匀浆液中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)含量和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),并结合组织形态学来评价FractionⅡ对氧化损伤肝脏的作用效果。结果显示,与阴性对照相比,各剂量组的FractionⅡ能够显著降低大鼠血清中的AST和ALT活性,提高肝脏组织的SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性和T-AOC能力,降低MDA和NO含量及MAO水平,并成一定的量效依赖关系。其中效果较好的高剂量(200 mg/kg)多肽处理组SOD、GSH-Px活性分别为236.27、182.23 U/mg蛋白,达到了正常对照及阳性对照组水平;AST、ALT分别降低至302.47和220.43 U/L,MDA含量降低至138.83 nmol/mg蛋白,也达到正常对照组水平。H.E.染色结果也证实,FractionⅡ在保护肝细胞完整性、维持结构清晰、抑制坏死等方面都有一定的效果。研究表明,蓝点马鲛鱼皮抗氧化肽FractionⅡ对D-Gal诱导的氧化损伤大鼠肝脏具有较好的保护作用。     

WaLIS—A simple model to simulate water partitioning in a crop association: The example of an intercropped vineyard

The introduction of cover crops in vineyards is being tested as it mitigates some undesirable environmental impacts of these cropping systems, such as surface runoff and soil erosion. In some cases, it could even reduce an excessive vegetative vigour of grapevine. However, most of time, wine growers are worried that severe competition for soil resources between the intercrop and grapevines could impair grape yield and quality. WaLIS (Water baLance for Intercropped Systems), a simple model simulating the water resource partitioning in such an association was designed to evaluate and optimize the water regime in intercropped systems.The model is presented and evaluated in this paper in three situations: the same grapevine cultivar (cv. Aranel) with either bare soil, or a temporary intercrop (barley) or a permanent intercrop (tall fescue). All three situations are located in the south of France. It is based on an existing model, designed to simulate the water regime of a bare soil vineyard, which was adapted to take into account the specific features of intercropped systems. Hence it includes a two-compartment representation of the soil particularly adapted to row crops. The simulation of a grass cover growth and its transpiration were added. Finally, particular importance was dedicated to the simulation of surface runoff which was the main source of the original model deviation during the winter period and made difficult multi-year simulations. Now, the model appears to be able to evaluate perennial cropping systems and provide decision support.The WaLIS model simulated the water available for both grapevine and intercrop well, and it proved to be efficient in most of the tested situations and years. The modelling of the water stress experienced by both crops was also generally good and all water fluxes simulated by the model were realistic. The main observed deviation in the simulation of the water soil content occurred during winter, i.e. outside the grapevine growth period. It was very likely due to the use of a constant parameter value for the surface runoff which did not take into account of changes in the soil surface and their effects on water infiltration.Finally, the analysis of sensitivity made on the WaLIS model showed that it is robust and sensitive to a few parameters, which drive the maximal grapevine transpiration and soil evaporation or are linked to the surface runoff simulation. The work also revealed how a good estimate of the total soil water available for each crop is crucial. This model, easy to use and parameterise, can provide sound management advice for designing valuable intercropped cropping systems.     

土地利用变化对土壤物理组分中有机碳分配的影响

根据宁夏固原地区近 2 5a的历史资料 ,本文将土地利用类型分为 :天然次生林 (山杨、辽东栎、灌木 )、次生林砍伐后形成的牧草地、农田及农田或牧草地形成的人工林 (13a、18a、2 5a华北落叶松 ) ,并应用土壤有机质物理分组方法对这些类型 0～ 110cm土层土壤物理组分中的有机碳 (轻组有机碳与颗粒有机碳 )含量、分配比例及非保护性有机碳分配比例进行了研究。结果表明 :轻组有机碳分配比例 ,几种天然次生林比人工林、牧草地和农田都显著低 ,而人工林、牧草地与农田之间的差异却不显著 ;轻组有机碳含量 ,农田和牧草地比天然次生林分别低 4 6 %和 14 %以上 ,人工林比农田和牧草地分别高 10 0 %和 2 7%以上 ;颗粒有机碳分配比例 ,天然次生林比人工林和农田低 ,牧草地与天然次生林的差异不显著 ;颗粒有机碳含量方面 ,农田和牧草地比天然次生林分别低 38%和 2 5 %以上 ,而人工林比农田和牧草地分别高 79%和 4 7%以上 ;非保护性库中有机碳分配比例方面 ,天然次生林比人工林、农田低。从以上结果可以看出 ,天然林变成农田使土壤有机碳稳定性降低 ,而变成牧草地则影响较小。在农田中造林 ,对土壤有机碳的稳定性影响较小 ,而在牧草地中造林则使土壤有机碳稳定性降低。土地利用变化主要对 0～ 5 0cm土层内的土壤物理     

溶解性有机质对紫色土中锌形态分布的影响

溶解性有机质(Dissolved Organic Matter)作为有机质中生物活性和物理化学反应活性较为活跃的重要组成部分,对土壤中锌的形态分布有着重要影响,本文采用室内培养的方法,在相同的温度和湿度条件下,分析了两种不同来源的DOM在不同浓度梯度下对紫色土外源锌形态分布的影响,得出以下结论:(1)紫色土在添加DOM后,显著地促进了外源锌各形态之间的相互转化分布,酸性紫色土中DOM促进了外源锌由EX-Zn向其它形态转化,这对于减少土壤锌污染的植物毒性有一定的作用。石灰性紫色土中主要促进RES-Zn向其它形态转化,提高了锌对植物的有效性;(2)两种DOM对酸性紫色土的影响优于石灰性紫色土,影响效果DOM2>DOM1;(3)酸性紫色土形态间的相关关系程度显著,石灰性紫色土形态间的相关关系程度不显著。     

不同硫酸铝用量对苏打盐碱土磷素形态及吸附特性的影响

通过室内模拟盆栽改良试验,研究了硫酸铝的改良效果及施用后对土壤中磷素营养状况的影响。硫酸铝配施磷肥和氮肥对小麦的出苗和生长起着明显促进作用。无机磷分级及相关分析结果表明,施加不同用量的硫酸铝后,各级无机磷平均含量的大小顺序为Ca2-P>Ca8-P>Al-P>O-P>Fe-P>Ca10-P,其中,Ca8-P和O-P是Ca2-P的有效补充。磷的吸附实验表明,各处理土壤磷的等温吸附曲线与Langmuir方程的吻合程度最好,其相关程度达极显著水平。根据简单Langmuir方程,将C/x/m对C作图,得到的是具有一个折点的直线,表明随着磷平衡浓度的不同,土壤对磷的吸附存在着两个不同能量水平的吸附点位。磷的解吸结果表明,在磷平衡浓度较低的条件下,土壤与磷的结合能力较强,大多以固定态磷的形式被吸附,并且,解吸也较困难;随着磷平衡浓度的增加,可交换磷所占的比例增加,有较多的磷可被解吸下来。