施肥对早稻品质的影响

为研究施肥对早稻品质的影响,2000~2001年在芦溪县分别进行了N、K不同施肥量和不同施肥方式对早稻赣早籼48与早稻香两优68品质影响的研究。结果表明:出糙率、精米率和蛋白质含量都随着施N量增加而增加,直链淀粉含量随N肥用量增加而略有减少趋势;精米率、整精米率、直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量随着K肥用量增加而增加;中N(150kg/hm2)、高K(135kg/hm2)处理互作效应最大,比较适合当地优质早稻赣早籼48施用。施肥方式以生物有机肥配合化肥全层施肥,中后期补施穗肥的出糙率、精米率、整精米率和稻米的蛋白质含量都能提高,直链淀粉含量降低。     

Soil sulphur status following long-term annual application of animal manure and mineral fertilizers

 In agricultural systems with low S inputs, crops rely on the release of S from organic forms in the soil. In the Askov long-term experiments, started in 1894 on both sandy and loamy soils, soil S status following long-term application of animal manure and mineral fertilizers was investigated in the growing season of 1995. In a field trial with oil-seed rape (Brassica napus, L.) soil analysis, leaf tissue analysis, yield and S removal in plant material was used to characterize differences in availability of soil S. One half of all plots received 63 kg S ha^–1 as gypsum. Long-term fertilization with animal manure or NPK fertilizer increased the content of soil organic C in both soils and of organic S in the sandy soil compared with unfertilized plots. Although dry matter yields were unaffected, the S uptake in harvested crop parts increased considerably after S application. The amounts of N and S in harvested seeds and straw were closely related, but the N : S ratio decreased when S was applied. Soil and plant analyses both indicated that critical levels of S concentrations were reached, and that S application was capable of raising S concentrations well above the critical level. Because no additional mineralization from residual organic S took place, it was concluded that the residual S effect from long-term annual applications of animal manure or mineral fertilizers did not significantly increase the level of soil S available for crops with a short growing season, such as oil-seed rape. Received: 9 January 1998     

Influence of compost and lime on population structure and element concentrations of forest soil invertebrates

Summary We tested the effects of two organic fertilizers (composts) and lime on the soil fauna of a spruce stand. One compost was obtained from chopped wood and the other from household garbage. At the time of distribution the pH of the control plots averaged 3.2, the garbage compost had a pH of 7.5, and the wood compost of 6.2. During the experimental period the pH of the compost layers decreased. The pH of the former litter layer beneath the composts showed a steep increase after 5 months, but beneath the treatment with wood compost this effect did no persist. Liming increased the pH only slightly in the litter layer. The two types of compost, the litter layer, and lumbricids (Lumbricus rubellus) were analyzed for concentrations of essential and potentially toxic elements. The element burden was highest in the garbage compost with 7- to 11-fold concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb, Mg, and Cu compared to the needle litter. K, Ba, and Ca were 4 times more concentrated. L. rubellus showed an increased Cu concentration after extraction from the highly contaminated sites of garbage compost. Despite the differences in Pb contamination in the needle litter and in the two compost types, all investigated individuals of L. rubellus contained similar concentrations of Pb. In contrast to Pb, Cd accumulated in this lumbricid. Seasonal fluctuations of microarthropods, their total abundance, and differences in the colonization of the compost layers were observed. Collembola abundance was significantly increased in the garbage compost plots in July 91. There were generally more Prostigmata in the control and limed plots than in the compost plots. Oribatid numbers fell under all treatments compared to the controls. Mesostigmata were identified to species level and 33 species were found in the experimental areas. Certain species, such as Arctoseius cetratus and Uropoda minima, were only found in the treated sites.     

Retention and Uptake by Plants of Added Selenium in Peat Soils

In soil, adsorption of selenium (Se) onto mineral surfaces is accompanied by poorly known retention via organic matter. The effects of these components on the availability of Se were examined in two pot experiments. Spring wheat was grown with increasing amounts of selenate (SeO₄ ^2–) in one sand and three peat soils, and ryegrass with selenate and selenite (SeO₃ ^2–) in sphagnum peat manipulated by iron (Fe) hydroxide. Selenate persisted in soluble form, whereas selenite was fixed in the soil. In wheat, 5–50% of the selenate addition was recovered in the plant, the proportion increasing with increasing Se. In ryegrass, 30–40% of the added selenate but less than 2% of the selenite was found within the leaves. The Fe hydroxide enrichment enhanced the selenite uptake. Phosphate buffer desorbed a minor proportion of the added selenite, except in peat amply enriched with Fe hydroxide. The results suggest that the retention mechanism of selenite was changed due to the hydroxide amendment.     

不同施肥方式下土中有机氯农药的残留特征

Soil samples with three fertilization treatments (no fertilizer, corn straw and farm manure) collected from a Lou soil (Eum-orthic Anthrosol classfied using Chinese Soil Taxonomy) in northwestern China were analysed for residual levels and their characteristics of organochlorine pesticides (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, HCB, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, a-endosulfan, dieldrin and endrin). Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were detected in all soil samples except δ-HCH and their total concentrations ranged from 159.31 ± 9.00 to 179.77 ± 2.58 ng g^-1 with an order of HCHs > DDTs > (dieldrin + endrin) > HCB > α-endosulfan. Among all the compounds, γ-HCH had the highest concentration followed by p,p'-DDE. The residual levels of HCH isomers and DDT as well as their metabolites in soil with different fertilization treatments were in the order of γ-HCH > β-HCH ≈ α-HCH > δ-HCH and p,p'-DDE > p,p'-DDT > o,p'-DDT > p,p'-DDD ≈ o,p'-DDE, respectively. DDE/DDT ratios ranged from 1.59 ±0.13 to 3.35 ± 0.16 and endrin/dieldrin ratios from 1.40 ± 0.06 to 9.20 ± 4.05, both indicating no new occurrence of these pesticides in these soils, while α-HCH/γ-HCH ratios of 0.04 indicated a new input of lindane (almost pure γ-HCH) in the past several years. The farm manure treatments showed lower DDT residues than samples without fertilizer. Also addition of corn straw and farm manure increased soil organic matter content and decreased the soil pH which could retard the degradation of DDT in the soil.     

下辽河平原不同水肥条件对玉米养分吸收与分配的影响

利用持续16年的长期田间试验与气象观测资料，研究了下辽河平原不同施肥与降水条件对玉米体内养分浓度、养分在籽实与秸秆中的分配比以及每形成单位籽实产量所收获养分量等的影响。结果表明，玉米体内养分浓度及养分在籽实与秸秆中的分配比例明显受施肥、降水及作物生长状况的影响。在平水年条件下，养分在籽实内累积的比例最高，其中N、P、K分别较偏旱或偏涝年景平均相对提高26.2%、33.3%和21.3%。同时，作物生长状况愈好，形成单位籽实产量所需养分量有减少的趋势，这些都说明良好的水肥条件有利作物生长，也有利于提高作物体内养分的转化利用效率。     

秸秆还田对灌溉玉米田土壤反硝化及N2O排放的影响

运用乙炔抑制技术研究了不同施氮水平下秸秆还田对灌溉玉米田土壤反硝化反应和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响。结果表明,土壤反硝化速率及N2O的排放受氮肥施用、秸秆处理方式及其交互作用的显著影响。与秸秆燃烧相比,不施氮或低施氮水平时,秸秆还田可刺激培养初期反硝化反应速率及N2O排放,增加培养期间N2O平均排放通量;高施氮水平时,秸秆还田可降低反硝化反应速率及反硝化过程中的N2O排放。秸秆还田可降低反硝化中N2O/N2的比例。     

普通和控释尿素配合深施提高冬小麦花期旗叶光合性能与氮素利用效率

【目的】探究在不同尿素类型与施用深度下,冬小麦开花后旗叶光合性能和光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)性能及氮素利用的差异,以期为协同提高氮素利用效率与籽粒产量,简化小麦生产过程提供理论依据。【方法】于2015—2016年与2016—2017年冬小麦生长季进行试验,以‘济麦22’为供试材料,采用二因素裂区试验设计,尿素类型处理(T)为主区,施用深度处理(D)为裂区。尿素类型包括普通尿素处理(T1,基追比为4∶6)与普通和控释尿素配施处理(T2,普通尿素、硫包膜尿素、树脂包膜尿素以4∶3∶3混合一次性基施),施用深度为地下5 cm (D1)与10 cm (D2)。测定了开花后旗叶气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线(OJIP),及不同生育时期地上植株氮素积累量。【结果】2年试验结果表明,相较于普通尿素处理,普通和控释尿素配施处理可显著提高冬小麦有效穗数和千粒重,对穗粒数影响不显著;施用深度对2016—2017年千粒重影响显著,对2年单位面积有效穗数和穗粒数影响不显著;普通和控释尿素配合深施处理(T2D2)产量显著高于其它处理。尿素类型和施用深度对气体交换参数影响显著,普通和控释尿素配合深施处理可显著提高花后旗叶净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs),显著降低胞间CO2浓度(Ci),相对延长了高光合持续期。普通和控释尿素配合处理较普通尿素处理显著提高了旗叶光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)反应中心对光能的吸收(φPo)、转化(φEo)以及电子在电子传递链中转移的效率(ψo);显著改善了电子传递链供体侧(Wk)和受体侧(Vj)性能,有效提高了产量形成期光合性能的稳定性。同一尿素类型下,深施处理对光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)性能的改善大于浅施处理。相较于普通尿素处理,普通和控释尿素配施处理可显著提高冬小麦生育中后期植株氮素积累量;相较于浅施处理,深施处理对冬小麦不同生育期氮素积累均有不同程度的提高。除对2016—2017年氮素生理利用率(NPE)影响不显著外,普通和控释尿素配合深施处理显著提高了2年冬小麦氮肥农学利用效率(NAE)、氮肥偏肥生产力(PEPN)、成熟期氮肥表观回收率(NRE)和2015—2016年氮素利用效率。【结论】普通尿素与控释尿素配合深施可显著提高冬小麦花期旗叶光合性能,促进氮素利用,增加产量,有利于冬小麦产量与氮肥利用之间的协同提高,省时增效效果明显,是本试验中最佳组合模式。     

The effects of straw return on potassium fertilization rate and time in the rice–wheat rotation

In order to investigate the effects of straw return on potassium (K) fertilizer application rate and time in the rice–wheat rotation, field experiments were conducted at three sites. The results showed that when the K rate was decreased to 70% of the recommended K dosage, crop yields showed no significant decrease. With K fertilization only at rice phase, crop yields showed no marked difference compared with that provided K fertilizer both at wheat and rice seasons. Though the NH₄OAc-extracted K and HNO₃-extracted K differed slightly among the treatments, the soil apparent K balance was negative without K fertilization. With crop straw fully incorporated, the recommended K dosage could be at least reduced by 30% at the experimental sites and the K fertilizer could be applied only at rice phase. A further hypothesis can be made that the best K rate was the amount of K took away by crop grain. In the long run, straw return combined with K fertilization would be an effective method to maintain soil K fertility and productivity.     

土壤有机碳对沼渣或牛粪施用后温室气体排放潜力的影响—盆栽试验结果

A change in the European Union energy policy has markedly promoted the expansion of biogas production.Consequently,large amounts of nutrient-rich residues are being used as organic fertilizers.In this study,a pot experiment was conducted to simulate the high-risk situation of enhanced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions following organic fertilizer application in energy maize cultivation.We hypothesized that cattle slurry application enhanced CO2 and N2O fluxes compared to biogas digestate because of the overall higher carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) input,and that higher levels of CO2 and N2O emissions could be expected by increasing soil organic C (SOC) and N contents.Biogas digestate and cattle slurry,at a rate of 150 kg NH4+-N ha-1,were incorporated into 3 soil types with low,medium,and high SOC contents (Cambisol,Mollic Gleysol,and Sapric Histosol,termed Clow,Cmedium,and Chigh,respectively).The GHG exchange (CO2,CH4,and N2O) was measured on 5 replicates over a period of 22 d using the closed chamber technique.The application of cattle slurry resulted in significantly higher CO2 and N2O fluxes compared to the application of biogas digestate.No differences were observed in CH4 exchange,which was close to zero for all treatments.Significantly higher CO2 emissions were observed in Chigh compared to the other two soil types,whereas the highest N2O emissions were observed in Cmedium.Thus,the results demonstrate the importance of soil type-adapted fertilization with respect to changing soil physical and environmental conditions.