不同立地类型根灌、滴灌水分扩散规律

为掌握根灌、滴灌在不同立地类型土壤中的水分扩散规律,通过不同灌水梯度试验,采用挖剖面和直观观测法,研究了根灌和滴灌在不同立地类型土壤水分的垂直和水平扩散规律。结果表明:风沙土中根灌、滴灌水分垂直扩散明显小于水平扩散,且灌水时间与扩散速率均呈负相关对数关系。沙质壤土中根灌水分垂直扩散明显小于水平扩散,滴灌则垂直扩散速率大于水平扩散,两者差异不明显;灌水时间与扩散速率呈负相关对数关系。灰棕漠土中根灌初期水分垂直扩散和水平扩散相同,随时间增大,水平扩散速率大于垂直扩散;滴灌则垂直扩散速率大于水平扩散,但两者差异不明显;灌水时间与扩散速率也呈负相关对数关系。总体来看,根灌在不同立地类型土壤中的水分无论垂直扩散速率还是水平扩散速率都表现为:沙质壤土风沙土灰棕漠土;滴灌则无论水平扩散速率还是垂直扩散速率都表现为:灰棕漠土风沙土沙质壤土,两者扩散规律明显不同。     

In situ net N transformations in pine,fir, and oak stands of different ages on acid sandy soil, 3 years after liming

Summary The effect of liming on in-situ N transformations was studied in two stands of different ages of each of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco], and common oak (Quercus robur L.). The stands were located on acid sandy soils in an area with high atmospheric N input. The organic matter of the upper 10-cm layer of the soil, including the forest floor, had a relatively high N content (C: N ratio <25) in all stands. Using a sequential core technique, N transformations were measured in both control plots and plots that had been limed 3 years previously with 3 t ha^-1 of dolomitic lime. Limed plots had a higher net NO _inf3 ^sup- production and a higher potential for NO _inf3 ^sup- leaching than the controls in all stands except that of the younger oak. Net N mineralization did not differ significantly between limed and control plots in oak stands and younger coniferous stands but was significantly lower in the limed plots of the older coniferous stands. It is concluded that long-term measurements of net N mineralization in limed forest soils are needed to evaluate the effect of liming with respect to the risk of groundwater pollution.     

桂南地区杉木马尾松人工实生林多形地位指数曲线模型

利用桂南地区收集的人工实生林分标准地材料和优势解析木杉木９３株，马尾松１６２株，建立优势高生长Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ模型。用参数预估法编制桂南地区的杉木、马尾松实生林多形地位指数表。杉木、马尾松各指数级曲线拟合平均剩余标准差分别是０．２９４３ｍ和０．２３２３ｍ；经另外６８株和５２株优势解析木检验，预报误差分别为０．４８７ｍ和０．５０６ｍ，适应性好。     

晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区沟坡防护林造林技术

通过对土壤水分和当地具有代表性的树种——刺槐活立木解析资料的分析,将晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区的沟坡宜林地划为三个质量等级,将沟坡造林立地条件划分为黄土阴沟坡、红土阴沟坡和黄土阳沟坡、红土阳沟坡四类型;在此基础上,根据引种、造林试验和调查资料,得出了不同立地条件下的适宜造林树种.依据试验和推广情况,提出了深坑栽植、油松丛植、集流林业、雨季造林,冬季幼树埋土、ABT生根粉浸根等宜在晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区推广的实用造林技术.     

The effect of disturbance by Phellinus weirii on decomposition and nutrient mineralization in a Tsuga mertensiana forest

Summary Microbial biomass in the upper 7 cm of soil and needle decomposition on the forest floor were measured seasonally for 10 months in a mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) old-growth forest and in a regrowth forest after Phellinus weirii, a root-rot pathogen infection, had caused disturbance. The microbial biomass was higher in the old-growth forest soil than in the regrowth forest soil. However, T. mertensiana needle decomposition rates were higher in the regrowth than in the old-growth forest. Total N, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn concentrations in needles increased during the 1st year of decomposition in both the old and the regrowth forests, but P, K, Mg, Mn, and B concentrations decreased. N, P, K, Mg, Cu, and Zn concentrations were lower in regrowth than in old-growth decomposing needles. During mineralization, needles in the regrowth forests released more N, P, and K as a result of higher needle decomposition rates. Our results suggest that higher needle decomposition rates increased the mineralization of N, P, and K, which may lead to increased soil fertility and faster tree growth rates in the regrowth forest.     

辽宁省东部山区5种森林植被类型水文生态效益综合评判

利用层次分析与Fuzzy数学相结合方法,对辽宁省东部山区5种森林植被类型水源涵养能力进行了多目标综合评判。首先利用层次分析法确定了评价因子林冠截留、林冠蒸散、枯落物蓄水、土壤容重、非毛管孔隙度、初渗速率、稳渗速率、土壤总蓄水和土壤有效水的权重集为C=(0.0245,0.0051,0.1993,0.0109,0.0762,0.0565,0.2827,0.0573,0.2866),然后利用最大模糊熵原则确定了评价因子的隶属函数,最后利用Fuzzy综合评判得出油松、落叶松、红松、柞木林、杂木林评价结果模糊子集为B=(0.4686,0.3784,0.4145,0.6128,0.4808),结果表明阔叶林水源涵养效益高于针叶林,其中柞木林效益最佳。     

Reciprocal transfer effects on denitrifying community composition and activity at forest and meadow sites in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon

In order to examine the effects of disturbance, vegetation type, and microclimate on denitrification and denitrifier community composition, experimental plots were established at the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Soil cores were reciprocally transplanted between meadow and forest and samples were collected after 1 and 2 years. Denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) was measured using the acetylene block assay and terminal restriction length polymorphism profiles were generated with nosZ primers that target the gene coding for nitrous oxide reductase. Nitrate concentrations, C mineralization, and water content were measured to gain additional insights into soil properties controlling DEA. Meadow soils were significantly higher in DEA than forest soils, and the highest DEA levels were observed in cores transferred from the meadow into the forest. Nitrate concentrations were also different between forest and meadow soils, but did not correlate to DEA. DEA was higher in open versus closed cores, suggesting an association between denitrification and the rhizosphere. Denitrifier communities of undisturbed forest and meadow soils shifted through a 4-year period but remained distinct from each other. Similarly, denitrifier communities clustered by vegetation type of origin regardless of manipulation, suggesting that the overall denitrifier communities are well buffered against environmental changes.     

Management strategies to increase stand structural diversity and enhance biodiversity in coastal rainforests of Alaska

Coastal rainforests of southeast Alaska have relatively simple species composition but complex structures with high diversity of tree ages, sizes and forest canopy layers, and an abundant understory plant community. Wildlife and fisheries resources also play an important role in the ecological functioning of forest and aquatic systems. Clearcutting has greatly altered these forest ecosystems with significant decreases in structural diversity of forest stands and greatly reduced wildlife habitat. This paper synthesizes information on management options in older forests that have never been actively managed, and in younger forests to increase diversity of stand structures and their associated effects on biodiversity. Light to moderate levels of partial cutting in old-growth forests can maintain the original diversity of overstory stand structures and understory plant communities. In younger forests that develop after clearcutting, mixed alder-conifer stands provide more heterogeneous structures and significantly higher understory biomass than in pure conifer forests. Research has shown that red alder increases diversity and abundance of understory plants, and provides forage for deer and small mammals. Results also show a clear linkage between alder and improved invertebrate diversity in aquatic systems. A combination of light partial cutting in older forests along with inclusion of red alder in conifer-dominated forests could provide the greatest amount of diversity and maintain the complex stand structures that are an important component of these forest ecosystems.     

冬春上海市郊外环林带防尘效应的初步研究

对上海市郊外环林带两侧总悬浮颗粒物浓度（简称TSP）和可吸入颗粒物浓度（简称PM10）同步测定表明：林带的防尘效应与风向有关,下风向处的TSP与PM10日均浓度均分别比上风向低19%-44%和39%-61%。林带边粒径分布测定结果表明：下风向处较大粒径颗粒物的相对含量比上风向处小一些;冬季的粒子谱分布呈现较大粒子和较小粒子重量累积百分比较高、中等粒子的重量累积百分比较低的态势;而春季则相反,中等粒子的重量累积百分比较高、较大粒子和较小粒子则比较低。说明冬春不同风向条件下上海市郊的大道旁林带区具有一定的防尘效应。     

林草间作地土壤低吸力段持水性能的初步研究

以庄浪县5种林草间作模式为对象,在田间采用张力计法测定各模式地的低吸力段土壤水分特征曲线,分析各模式地的土壤持水性能,比较不同模式地的比水容量,结果表明,各模式地土壤含水率随吸力变化较快;五种模式不同土层土壤持水力存在明显差异,表层土壤持水力较大,60cm土层土壤持水能力最差。仁用杏+红豆草模式地土壤持水能力和供水能力最强,是最为耐旱模式,油松+紫花苜蓿模式供水能力最差。