人造林窗对粗枝云杉人工林土壤微生物量的影响

通过对川西亚高山云杉低效林不同大小林窗(面积50 m2、100 m2、150 m2)改造,以未处理作为对照,采用氯仿熏蒸浸提法研究了林窗改造对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量及其垂直分布特征的影响。结果表明:通过林窗改造,林下土壤微生物量碳、氮具有显著提升,其中,林窗面积越大,提升效果越显著。各土层土壤微生物量碳、氮含量均表现为:150 m2(L3)100 m2(L2)50 m2(L1)对照(CK);3种大小面积林窗和对照土壤微生物量碳、氮含量随着土层深度的增加而降低,均表现为上层(0~5 cm)中层(5 cm~10 cm)下层(10 cm~15 cm);且林窗改造降低了土壤微生物量碳、氮的表层富集特性,林窗面积越大,上层土壤微生物量碳、氮所占比例越低。     

长白山森林生态系统主要功能的经济价值及恢复措施

研究长白山森林生态系统主要功能的经济价值，并找出森林生态系统功能的变化及原因。采取有效措施，保护长白山生物多样性和独特的地质地貌景观，恢复森林生态系统，实施长白山生态保护建设工程，发挥生态系统整体功能。     

建德林场乌龙山林区土壤类型及其宜林特性

建德林场乌龙山林区经调查可划分为2个土类,8个亚类,9个土属和14个土种。这些土壤都具有不同的肥力和宜林特性,因此在生态平衡中的作用和资源开发利用方面都有各自的特点。故在营林过程中应尽力保护自然形成的优良的森林土壤性状,在生态效益为主的前提下充分发挥其经济和社会效益。     

大兴安岭新林林业局森林资源可持续发展的技术体系

以大兴安岭林区具有典型代表性的新林林业局为研究对象，在对其自然资源、经济和社会调查后，建立了森林资源可持续发展的配套技术体系。包括种苗培育、资源调查与监测、资源采伐、资源更新、资源抚育技术体系以及资源效益评价体系等。     

退耕还林政策实施对退耕者经济纯效益的影响评价——以甘肃4个退耕还林试点县为例

在总结前人对退耕还林政策实施效果评价的基础上,从退耕者所得到的经济效益角度,评价退耕还林政策的方法,并以甘肃4个退耕还林试点县为例进行实证研究.具体步骤为:首先,构建评价所需的指标体系,然后通过实地调查得到所需指标数据,再运用费用效益法估算政策实施前后退耕者所得纯经济效益.最后,运用比较分析法对比政策实施前后退耕者所得纯经济效益的大小,从而实现退耕还林政策对退耕者经济纯效益的影响评价.     

Optimal management of uneven-aged Norway spruce stands

An optimization model is specified to analyze forest management without any restrictions on the forest management system. The data on forest growth comes from unique field experiments and is used to estimate a nonlinear transition matrix or size-structured model for Norway spruce. The objective function includes detailed harvesting cost specifications and the optimization problem is solved in its most general dynamic form. In optimal uneven-aged management, stand density is shown to be dominated by limitations in natural regeneration. If the goal is volume maximization, even-aged management with artificial regeneration (and thinnings from above) is superior to uneven-aged management. After including regeneration and harvesting costs, the interest rate, and the price differential between saw timber and pulpwood, uneven-aged management becomes superior to even-aged management. However, in the short term the superiority is conditional on the initial stand state.     

樟子松人工林的自毒作用

[目的]研究樟子松人工林的自毒作用,为樟子松人工林持续经营奠定技术基础。[方法]采用樟子松人工林下的表土、根际土、非根际土、地面枯落物的浸提液进行樟子松种子发芽试验,研究樟子松人工林是否存在自毒作用。[结果]樟子松不同浸提液中均存在抑制种子萌发的物质。根际土壤浸提液(1∶3)处理对樟子松种子活力指数、芽长、胚根长和幼茎长无显著影响;表土浸提液(1∶3)处理对幼茎长无显著影响,但对种子活力指数、芽长、胚根长具有显著抑制作用;非根际土浸提液(1∶3)处理除对胚根长无显著影响外,对种子活力指数、芽长、幼茎生长均有显著和极显著抑制作用;地面枯落物浸提液(1∶5)处理对胚根长有极显著的促进作用,对种子活力指数、芽长、幼茎长均有极显著的抑制作用。[结论]樟子松地面枯落物可能是其种子萌发及胚芽生长抑制物质的来源之一。     

Spatial pattern analysis of pre- and post-hurricane forest canopy structure in North Carolina,USA

Existing spatial patterns of a forest are in part a product of its disturbance history. Using laser altimetry and field measures of canopy top height to represent pre- and post-hurricane canopy topography, respectively, we measured changes in spatial patterns of stand structure of a United States southern mixed coniferous-deciduous for est. Autocorrelative and fractal properties were measured in this opportunistic study to quantify changes in canopy architecture along twelve, 190-250 m transects that were subjected to moderate to high levels of wind disturbance. Prior to the hurricane, canopy heights were autocorrelated at scales <40 m with an average fractal dimension of 1.71. After the disturbance, autocorrelation disappeared; the average fractal dimension rose to 1.94. This shift towards spatial randomness illustrates part of the cyclical nature of ecosystem development. It shows how a catastrophic collapse of biomass accumulation corresponds to a decrease in ecosystem organization across a landscape. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

北京八达岭林场野生药用植物多样性特征分析

【目的】调查八达岭林场野生药用植物资源现状,为野生药用植物的保护和利用提供理论依据。【方法】采取路线调查和重点区域取样调查相结合的方法,并通过走访和查阅文献等,对八达岭地区野生药用植物多样性进行分析。【结果】野生药用植物共有69科184属260种,其中蕨类植物3科3属4种,裸子植物2科3属8种,被子植物64科178属248种。在生活型多样性上,草本药用植物共有202种,占药用植物总种数的77.69%,木本药用植物共有58种,占药用植物总种数的22.31%。含2~5个种的科有35个,占有绝对优势,占总科数的50.72%,共有95种,占药用植物总种数的36.54%;含有1个种的属占有明显的优势,占总属数的73.37%,所含种数是135种,占药用植物总种数的51.92%。全草类、根及根茎类药用植物最多,分别占药用植物总种数的40.00%和33.85%,是八达岭地区药用植物主要药用部位。药用植物在阔叶林中的种类比在针叶林中多,大部分植被类型中,以草本层药用植物种类居多,而元宝槭纯林中则以灌木层药用植物居多。【结论】八达岭林场野生药用植物种类较多,药用功能丰富,在不同植被类型下呈多样性分布。     

Relationships of dead wood patterns with biophysical characteristics and ownership according to scale in Coastal Oregon,USA

Dead wood patterns and dynamics vary with biophysical factors, disturbance history, ownership, and management practices; the relative importance of these factors is poorly understood, especially at landscape to regional scales. This study examined current dead wood amounts in the Coastal Province of Oregon, USA, at multiple spatial scales. Objectives were to: (1) describe current regional amounts of several characteristics of dead wood; (2) compare dead wood amounts across ownerships; (3) determine the relative importance, according to spatial scale, of biophysical and ownership characteristics, to regional dead wood abundance. Dead wood plot data were evaluated with respect to explanatory variables at four spatial scales of resolution: plots, subwatersheds, watersheds and subbasins. The relationships of dead wood characteristics with biophysical attributes and ownership were diverse and scale-specific. Region-wide dead wood abundance and types varied among ownerships, with public lands typically having higher amounts of dead wood and more large dead wood than private lands. Regression analysis of total dead wood volume indicated that ownership was important at the subbasin scale. Growing season moisture stress was important at plot, subwatershed, and watershed scales. Topography was important at the two coarser scales. Multivariate analysis of dead wood gradients showed that ownership was important at all scales, topography at the subbasin scale, historical vegetation at watershed and subbasin scales, and current vegetation at plot and subwatershed scales. Management for dead wood and related biodiversity at watershed to landscape scales should consider the distinct dynamics of snags and logs, the importance of historical effects, and the relevance of ownership patterns.