梨防治抽条保护性材料筛选研究

以‘早酥’和‘黄冠’为试材,选择9种保护性材料,研究不同保护性材料对梨1 a生枝条失水、抽条和发芽的影响,筛选出防止梨树抽条效果好的保护性材料。结果显示：（1）不同保护性材料均能降低梨1 a生枝条失水量。‘早酥’石硫合剂、液态地膜、N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺和黄腐酸处理失水量分别低于对照23.55%、 12.36%、11.55%和9.30%。‘黄冠’液态地膜、石硫合剂、N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺、羧甲基纤维素、腐殖酸钠、黄腐酸和腐殖酸铜处理失水量分别较对照低17.62%和17.47%、16.36%、14.94%、14.27%、12.28%和12.09%。（2）不同保护性材料均能降低抽条指数。‘早酥’石硫合剂、液态地膜、N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺和腐殖酸铜处理抽条指数分别比对照低30.42%、26.08%、21.73%和21.73%。‘黄冠’液态地膜、石硫合剂、羧甲基纤维素、 N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺和腐殖酸钠处理抽条指数分别比对照低39.28%、35.71%、28.58%、28.57%和21.43%。（3）N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺对‘早酥’和‘黄冠’1 a生枝条发芽率与对照相比分别降低46.3%和26.8%。其他处理与对照发芽率差异不显著。可见,不同保护性材料均能减少梨1 a生枝条水分散失,降低抽条指数,其中石硫合剂和液态地膜效果最好,其次是羧甲基纤维素、腐殖酸钠、腐殖酸铜和黄腐酸。     

Value-added sampling for fishery independent surveys: Don’t stop after you’re done counting and measuring

Most fishery independent surveys count, weigh, and measure the majority of species caught. Many surveys also collect selected body structures for in-lab age determinations for selected species. We provide examples from the Northeast Fisheries Science Center's (NEFSC) bottom trawl survey that detail the development of at-sea sampling to elucidate age, growth, maturity, fecundity, spawning season, stomach contents, diet composition, condition, habitat types and prey preferences, basic oceanography (or limnology), and bioenergetics for a suite of diverse species. We show how the development of new methodologies and technologies has decreased both deck-time and time in the lab for processing many of the samples required to provide information on the topics listed above. As new technologies develop to make our trawl catch processing more efficient, we assert that we can notably increase the amount of information collected from trawl surveys with little additional effort. We show that with marginally additional catch processing time on the deck, at-sea sampling can provide a significant return on the knowledge of aquatic and marine resource species, non-resource species, habitats, food webs, and the ecosystems within which they occur. As observing systems continue to expand their remit to provide ecosystem management advice, the need for increased efficiencies on fisheries surveys will remain.     

转基因鱼的研究进展及食品安全性

随着转基因技术的发展,各种转基因动物及转基因植物相继出现并应用于生产实践,给人们带来了巨大的利益。自1985年,世界上第一批转基因鱼诞生后,鱼类基因转移技术很快应用到鱼类育种中。20年来国内外主要进行了快速生长、抗寒（耐寒）、抗病等方面的转基因鱼的研究。本文主要介绍了几种常用的鱼类的基因转移技术和检测方法,转基因鱼的研究现状,并对其的食用安全性进行了讨论。     

我国栽培食用菌的重金属调查

测定双孢蘑菇、巴西蘑菇、茶树菇、黑木耳、鸡腿菇、金针菇、香菇、金顶侧耳、杏鲍菇、平菇、银耳11种食用菌的175个干样品中的砷(As)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)的含量.结果表明,11种食用菌干品中,砷含量范围为0.02 mg·k-1～0.78 mg·kg-1;镉含量范围为0.02 mg·k-1～1.949 mg·kg-1;汞含量范围为未检出～0.654 mg·kg-1;铅含量范围为0.040 mg·kg-1～3.217 mg·kg-1.我国栽培食用菌中镉、汞、铅含量比较安全,双孢蘑菇中汞含量高与黑木耳中铅含量高具有地域特性.     

Spatial and temporal trends of water productivity in the lower Mekong River Basin

We estimate the physical and economic water productivities of rice and upland crops grown in the Lower Mekong River Basin and we examine their spatial and temporal trends. We discuss the constraints to low productivity, suggest measures for improvement and show the future productivity requirements for food security for increased population. Both the physical and economic water productivities of rice are higher in Vietnam, moderate in Laos, and lower in Thailand and Cambodia. In contrast, the physical water productivities of upland crops such as sugarcane and maize are highest in Thailand. The economic water productivity of upland crops is higher in Laos followed by Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand, and is much higher than that of rice. However, the economic productivity of all crops is dominated by the productivity of rice, particularly lowland rainfed rice, which is the dominant crop in the Lower Basin. The intra-regional variation (among the provinces within a country) of productivity is not substantial. There is an increasing trend of both physical and economic water productivity in all four riparian countries; however, the increase is more prominent in Laos and Vietnam. The economic productivity of upland crops is much higher than that of rice and therefore cultivation of more upland crops can significantly increase farm-level incomes, with positive impacts on reducing poverty. Increasing upland crops areas is unlikely to have any impact on the food security of the basin. The current rate of increase of both production and productivity of rice is considerably greater than the rate required to feed the expected extra population by 2050, suggesting that food security is not threatened by the population increase. There appears to be considerable scope to increase productivity and maintain the export potential of the basin.     

Increasing crop yield in water scarce environments using locally available materials: An experience from semi-arid areas in Mpwapwa District, central Tanzania

This paper presents experience on working with farmers in water scarce environments in improving crop yield through the application of locally available materials in semi-arid areas of Mpwapwa District, central Tanzania. Findings are presented from the interdisciplinary study that involved documenting farmers perceptions and on-farm field experimentation. In the farmers’ perceptions study, three different traditional tillage practices applied by smallholder farmers in the area were identified. These are traditional no-till (TNT), shallow tillage (ST) and ridging tillage (RT). The impacts of various tillage practices on soil fertility improvement, reduced weed infestation, soil moisture retention and crop yield were the main factors considered by farmers when selecting a particular tillage practice to apply. In two cropping seasons (i.e. 2006/7 and 2007/8) on-farm field experimentations were carried to test the effects of the three traditional tillage practices, manure and mulching practices on soil moisture retention and crop yield. Results from this experiment showed traditional no-till fields to have the lowest soil moisture retention capacity and the lowest infiltration flow rate as well as lowest crop yield compared to other studied practices. It was observed that improving the current tillage practices by the application of manure to both ST and RT, and mulching to ST at rates affordable to smallholder farmers as identified during perception study (i.e. 5 tons/ha for manure and 3 tons/ha for mulching materials) results in increased crop yield. When the grain yield is compared between traditional no-till and shallow tillage with manure and mulching practices, the yield increase is between 50 and 100%. It was concluded that crop yield in water scarce environments such as the semi-arid areas of Mpwapwa District can be increased by applying locally available materials such as cow manure and mulching at rates affordable to smallholder farmers.     

金属材料干摩擦特性仿真方法与试验验证

通过设计的金属干摩擦特性试验装置,测量得到了金属材料试件在固定正压力下的干摩擦迟滞特性,并且在MSC/MARC中建立了与试验相一致的有限元模型来仿真预测干摩擦接触的粘-滑迟滞特性.通过与试验数据的比较,验证了仿真模型的正确性,发现有限元模型结果与试验结果以及理论计算结果吻合程度较好,从而有助于分析工程实际中材料干摩擦特性和阻尼特性,验证了有限元方法的可行性.     

双孢蘑菇主动气调包装试

通过L9(3)4正交试验设计,研究了不同温度、包装材料、初始O2体积分数和CO2体积分数对双孢蘑菇主动气调包装中贮藏保鲜效果的影响.分别于贮藏后的第3d、第5d、第7d、第9d和第11d测定各个试验处理双孢蘑菇的失重率、硬度、褐变度、呼吸速率、细胞膜透性、可溶性固形物、PPO活性和POD活性.试验结果表明:温度是影响双孢蘑菇贮藏品质的最重要因素,较低的贮藏温度有利于双孢蘑菇贮藏品质的保持;贮藏过程中能保持双孢蘑菇贮藏品质的较优处理组合为贮藏温度为2℃、包装材料为PVC2、O2和CO2体积分数分别为15%和10%.     

Leptin研究进展

Leptin(LEP)是肥胖基因(ob-gene)控制合成的一种激素,它是α螺旋细胞因子Ⅰ类的一个成员。Leptin在调节摄食,维持能量动态平衡,调节新陈代谢和生殖等方面都具有重要作用,该研究综述了Leptin的基因结构、它的合成和分泌及其生物学功能。     

我国粮食直补对粮食产量影响的定量评估——基于2004～2007年29省面板数据的实证分析

运用Cobb-Douglas生产函数模型,构建考虑粮食直接补贴影响因素的现阶段我国粮食生产影响函数经验模型,并利用2004～2007年29省的相关面板数据估计我国粮食直接补贴对粮食产量影响的弹性系数,对比分析了粮食直接补贴政策因素对我国粮食产量影响的有效性和局限性。结果表明:现阶段我国粮食直补对粮食产量影响的弹性系数为0.002 3,在现有补贴制度和水平下,粮食直接补贴对粮食产量的增加有积极作用,但作用有限;粮食价格对粮食产量影响的弹性系数远大于粮食直补对粮食产量的影响弹性系数,因此,政府在加强和完善粮食直接补贴政策的同时,应充分重视利用市场机制适当提高粮食价格对促进粮食安全的基础性作用。