广元中心城区城市绿化现状分析与管理对策

广元市通过城市绿化体系,中心城区绿地率达38.6%,绿化覆盖率达39.9%。为进一步提升广元市城市绿化水平,建设国家园林城市,通过分析现有城市绿化布局、绿地组成、公园建设、绿化树种配置、绿化管护及市民需要等方面现状,就绿化建设、立体绿化、树种配置、庭院绿化、绿地管护等方面提出了建议和对策,为提高城市绿化水平,提升城市形象,建设国家园林城和生态园林城创造条件。     

Forest management and forest state in southern Sweden before and after the impact of storm Gudrun in the winter of 2005

About three times the annual cut in southern Sweden (Götaland) was damaged by the storm Gudrun in January 2005, i.e. almost as much as the normal annual cut for all of Sweden. To establish any differences in forest management and state before and after the storm, measures such as growing stock volume, age-class distribution, and species composition were analyzed within the damaged area. As a reference the situation before and after the storm within the area in Götaland not damaged by the storm was also analyzed. For all analyses, sample plots from the Swedish National Forest Inventory were used. Results based on mean values for the years 2000–2004/2005–2009 showed that the total growing stock for the damaged area decreased by approximately 30 million m³ after the storm. This was mainly caused by a decrease in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst). Annual growth for pine, spruce, and deciduous trees decreased by 1.8 million m³ in the damaged area. This mainly included stands already thinned and not, as expected, in the stands ready for final felling. Also, the proportional area within each of the age classes 21–40, 41–60, and 61–80 years decreased. The storm led to an increased area in immediate need of precommercial thinning. No changes in choice of species when regenerating could be observed. Furthermore, only marginal adaptation by forest owners to future risk of wind throw could be detected.     

Effects of early cleaning on young Picea abies stands

Young Norway spruce stands (Picea abies [L.] Karst) are typically cleaned of non-crop species on one or several occasions during young stand stage. In order to objectively evaluate the perceived benefits of early cleaning (EC), we studied the effects of EC on three study sites 2–2.5 years after receiving the treatment. Experiments were established as a randomised complete block design with a total of 40 blocks. Although height growth and mortality were not significantly affected, we found that EC substantially reduced canopy competition and, consequently, the mean diameter of released spruce grew 21–32% faster depending on the site. Furthermore, non-crop trees that were cleared during EC had fewer sprouts in two of the three sites and the sprouts were substantially smaller than the corresponding non-crop trees on control in all sites. EC can reduce the cost of pre-commercial thinning because EC reduced the estimated time needed for subsequent management by 18–49%. Thus, EC offers forest owners and managers an economically viable young stand management option.     

Questioning the contemporary forest planning paradigm: making use of local knowledge

The forest planning system of large Swedish forest owners follows a three step procedure: long-term, medium-term, and short-term planning. The system is sequential and hierarchical in the sense that longer-term plans form the framework for shorter-term plans, and that top-level management prepares the long range plans and the lower management levels develop plans with successively shorter horizons. Studies indicate that this approach does not fully use existing knowledge within the organization. Problems associated with the top-down approach are also recognized in the general literature on organization and management. A proposal for a bottom-up approach is developed that aim at the use of local level knowledge to enhance accuracy and applicability of the forest plans. After top-level management has issued some fundamental planning directives, medium-term planning is conducted by the districts. Then the district plans are consolidated at the top-level for coordination and revision. A simulated planning process provides an illustration of the approach. The Heureka system is used here to optimize harvests and road costs with a mixed integer programming model of the problem, spanning 10 years with three seasons per year. The importance of detailed local knowledge to the outcome of planning is indicated, and needs for continued decision support systems development is discussed.     

南方型杨树人工林经营模型系统及其应用

针对南方型杨树各主栽区多为混系造林的生产实际,将南方型杨树整体作为研究对象,开展了南方型杨树人工林经营模型系统的研究。根据213个南方型杨树同龄林标准地资料,建立了集经营模拟、经济效益评价、优化决策于一体的南方型杨树人工林经营模型系统并开发了相应的软件,介绍了该系统的结构与功能并举例说明其应用。南方型杨树人工林经营模型系统的建立为南方型杨树模式化定向培育理论的实现提供可靠的工具,对南方型杨树人工林经营具有直接的指导作用。     

毛竹种群空间格局及分株间关联性——重复空间点格局分析

随着空间调查数据的增多和有重复的空间格局试验设计的需要,重复空间点格局分析方法不断得到研究和应用。采用有重复的空间点格局分析方法研究了不同营林模式下毛竹种群的空间分布格局及其分株间的空间关联性。结果表明：I类经营模式下形成的毛竹种群空间格局呈现随机分布,II类和III类经营模式分别在1.6-2.2 m和0.4-2.6 m尺度上达到了均匀分布的显著水平,表现为随着经营干扰强度的增大,毛竹种群在小尺度（〈3 m）上趋向于均匀分布;在较大尺度（〉4 m）上,3种营林模式毛竹种群空间格局均表现为随机分布;母株与新分株的空间关联性在3种营林模式下较为一致的表现出小尺度上的正关联,并在III类经营模式下,0.6 m、0.8 m和2.2 m尺度上达到了正关联的显著水平,而在较大尺度上,3种营林模式母株与新分株空间格局均表现为无明显的关联性。     

长输油气管道完整性管理信息化实践

从长输油气管道完整性管理应用现状出发,分析了管道完整性管理信息化建设的现实需求,并结合管道完整性管理平台实施案例,阐述了完整性管理信息化建设的实施步骤、内容和效果。通过完整性管理信息化的实施,企业实现了20余项管理业务的信息化,统一业务表单70多张,规范业务流程40多项,减少了业务数据采集、录入的重复工作,实现了企业绩效的动态监控,构建了基于完整性平台的开放生态应用环境,较好地解决了实际管理中的问题,有力地推进了企业的精细化管理,确保了企业管理体系的落地和切实执行,有效地将完整性管理与日常业务流程进行整合,从而验证了油气管道企业建立完整性信息化平台的必要性。（图3,表1,参10）     

管道完整性管理实践与思考

随着国内油气管道行业的发展,管道完整性技术及管理得到广泛研究和应用。基于中国石油管道公司完整性管理实践,分析了当前管道安全运行面临的挑战:认知水平不一、安全管理水平较低、标准水平制约管道建设和运行水平、管道发展快于技术储备、专业化技术服务水平与力量不足;分享了在完整性技术与管理方面的实践与收获;清晰了管道开裂事故的关键因素,探索形成了管道检测与评价的最佳实践做法,推动了管理和决策模式的变革。对今后该技术领域的发展进行了思考,提出了如何应对大数据带来的变革,如何认知管道安全管理的特性,如何认识建设期管道完整性管理的核心等前瞻性问题,为管道完整性管理的深入开展明确了方向。     

基于供应链的企业库存成因及优化控制研究

基于企业全面库存管理思想,对库存成本、库存控制、库存系统优化等管理经验与前人研究成果进行分析,借鉴先进企业的库存管理理念和方法,以大型制造企业为核心研究对象,在集供应商、制造商、经销商为一体的供应链作为研究框架的基础上,运用供应链系统理论作为研究方法,分析了库存管理现状、影响因素及产生原因,从优化生产管理、整合企业内部供应链和跨企业供应链的角度提出库存控制的相应对策,以实现全面的库存优化,从而提高企业的经营效益。     

中小型制造企业生产异常管理系统应用与研究——以AIP公司为应用案例

基于AIP公司的生产实践,对中小型制造企业生产异常情况的成因、分类及影响进行了归纳、分析和探究。针对由中小型制造企业生产中的诸多因素所导致的生产异常情况不能及时反馈和处理这一难题,以及生产效率和交货期等难以管控的现状,设计了一套对生产过程异常情况进行控制的可行性方案,构建了一种用于车间生产异常事件信息实时采集、快速分析、趋势预判和综合查询信息管理系统。该异常管理系统已被AIP公司成功应用,实践证明它可以全面提高中小型制造企业对生产异常情况处理的及时性、有效性,使生产异常问题的处理实现了规范化、标准化和信息化。这不仅为AIP公司创造了良好的经济效益,而且也为其他中小型制造企业解决此类问题提供了有益参考。