Integrated management approaches for pink bollworm in the southwestern United States

The pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is the key pest in cotton (Gossypium spp.) production areas in the southwestern United States and in many other cotton-producing areas of the world. The high costs of chemical control, continuing economic losses, secondary pest problems and environmental considerations suggest the need for ecologically oriented PBW management strategies. Extensive research has resulted in a broad array of monitoring, biological control, cultural, behavioural, genetic and host plant resistance methods that can serve as a base for the formulation of integrated PBW management systems. The life history characteristics of the PBW, in particular the high mobility of adults, indicate the need for combinations of selected integrated pest management (IPM) components implemented over large geographical areas. The areas involved present a wide range of PBW population densities, differences in cotton production methods and social and environmental considerations. The best option is tailor-made systems for targeted management areas with the selection of IPM components based on the PBW population density, crop production methods and economic feasibility. The unlikelihood of eradication indicates the need for long-term monitoring and programme maintenance following successful area-wide management. The success of area-wide PBW management is highly dependent on participation in the planning, site selection, implementation and assessment phases of the programme by all segments of the agricultural community. A highly effective extension--education communication programme is an essential component. Local uncoordinated efforts have not reduced the economic status of this pest in any area where it is an established pest. The potential long-term benefits of PBW population suppression on an area-wide basis appear to justify area-wide efforts in terms of reduced costs, more effective control, less environmental contamination and other peripheral problems associated with conventional control approaches.     

论野火的三属性

野火泛指发生于野外植被中的火、归纳发现有３个基本属性,自然性,灾害性和工具性,对这３个属性进行明确的定义和认识,有助于理解野火的意义,为研究和生产奠定科学系统的理论基础。自然属性一是指其自然存在、二是指其对自然界有影响,三是指其他受其他自然因子制约。灾是自然界不可控事件造成的超越一定程度界线的损失。灾害属性即经济属性。每一次火都造成巨大的经济损失,包括林资源和草资源预防和扑救开始。工具是指可以拿来     

奶牛生产管理决策支持系统设计

本文主要探讨黑龙江垦区奶牛生产管理决策支持系统（ＣＰＭＤＳＳ）的设计思想和构建方法,介绍了ＣＰＭＤＳＳ数据库、模型库、方法库及人一机交互系统的功能特点和实现途径,为ＣＰＭＤＳＳ的实施开发打下基础。     

Presumed lipid retinopathy in a diabetic dog

An eight-year-old neutered male diabetic Cardigan Welsh Corgi was presented for bilateral mature cataracts. Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation were performed routinely, and recovery was uneventful for several months except for lipemic aqueous flare which gradually resolved during the postoperative period. Five months following surgery the owner presented the dog for decreased vision. White retinal deposits were visualized ophthalmoscopically. Serum analysis revealed that the dog was concurrently markedly hyperlipemic. The patient's diet was changed from a high- to a low-fat diet, following which diabetes control improved, hyperlipemia resolved, and the retinal deposits decreased markedly in size. The retinal deposits seen ophthalmoscopically are presumed to be lipid based upon their association with marked hyperlipemia, and the concurrent resolution of hyperlipemia and the fundic lesions.     

Diversity of methodologies to experiment Integrated Pest Management in arable cropping systems: Analysis and reflections based on a European network

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) aims to promote physical and biological regulation strategies that help farmers contain populations of pests (pathogens, animal pests and weeds) and to finally reduce the reliance on pesticides. It is based on the holistic combination of multiple management measures rather than on the sum of single methods, each of them having only small effects on pests reduction. Thus, to analyse the interactions between IPM measures and to evaluate the sustainability of their implementation, we require an approach considering the whole cropping system (CS), i.e. a functional entity whose complexity is more than the sum of its parts. A network of European experiments at the CS level was set up recently, and aimed at sharing data and expertise to enhance knowledge of IPM. Comparison of existing methodologies highlighted a diversity of CS designs and experimental layouts. We deduced that the concept of CS itself was viewed differently among scientists, and this affected experimental protocols. Other differences were related to the research context and objectives. Some experiments aimed to explore very innovative strategies and generated knowledge on both their effects on the agroecosystem and their ability to satisfy a set of performance targets, while others aimed to provide quickly adoptable solutions for local farmers in line with the current socio-economic constraints. In some research programmes, the experiment was part of the CS design process — and tested CS were regularly revised based on an continuous improvement loop — while in other cases CS were kept stable across years so as to enable the evaluation of their long-term cumulative effects. A critical aspect contributing to the diversity among CS experiments was the distinction between a factorial design of experimental CS and systemic approaches: factorial experiments allowed quantification of the effects of each IPM component regardless of the consistency between components defining the CS. In contrast, systemic approaches focused on the overall evaluation of CS designed with consideration of their consistency, hence maximising their ability to meet the objectives. Because CS experiments represent a huge investment in terms of economics and time, preliminary reflections of the relevance of the experimental strategy is of critical importance.     

宁夏现代化农产品物流问题及对策研究

在介绍宁夏现代化农产品物流体系存在的问题的基础上,剖析了产生问题的原因,提出了相应的对策。     

关于推进西双版纳天然橡胶初加工行业标准化管理的对策分析

分析了西双版纳天然橡胶制胶行业现状和行业标准化管理水平滞后的原因,提出了加快制胶行业标准化管理进程意见和措施。     

Frims软件在易门县集体林权制度改革中的应用

在易门县集体林权制度改革中,运用县级森林资源管理GIS系统Frims软件完成了对林改宗地的区划、出图、面积计算、数据统计、管理等大量的内业工作,省时、省力、高效.文中详细介绍了Frims软件的基本功能、运行环境、安装要求、实际运用方法,并对应用效果进行了分析,归纳总结了拐点坐标转换、字段设置的添加和修改、dbf属性数据库文件的修改、宗地号的编排、整数值拐点坐标的提取等方面的应用技巧.     

基于移动Agent的网格计算管理模型研究

基于当前的移动aget问题以及网格计算特点，在前人的理论基础上,文中结合agent 技术和网格计算研究基于移动agent的网格计算管理模型，运用系统中各个元素进行agent 建模。介绍移动agent 技术，以及网格计算管理模型应具备的特征，最后提出基于移动Agent 的网格计算管理模型来解决网格中资源管理，作业调度，负载平衡的问题。仿真结果表明,基于agent 的网格计算管理模型仿真能够细致地刻画系统特性，降低系统对网络带宽的严格要求，同时也缩短时间延迟，提高服务响应速度。     

Reduced inter-row distance improves yield and competition against weeds in a semi-dwarf durum wheat variety

Weed and nutrient management in cropping systems of semi-arid areas is a major constraint to cereal yield. Where the use of herbicides is banned or discouraged, the competitive ability of a crop is crucial to reduce weed growth and diffusion. Genotypic differences in the competitive abilities of crops are an important trait to reduce weeds, especially for plant height. However, there is contrasting information about the interactions of other management practices and genotypic traits on wheat yield and competitive ability against weeds and weed growth. The present study investigated yield and quality of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and weed growth and composition for two wheat cultivars with contrasting competitive abilities against weeds. Wheat was grown under three spatial arrangements (5-cm, 15-cm, 25-cm inter-row distance) and three sowing densities, and broadleaf weeds were either removed or not. The sowing rate did not affect the yield of these wheat cultivars or the weed growth. Reduced inter-row distance dramatically reduced weed biomass for both wheat cultivars, and increased wheat yield and nitrogen uptake in the low-competitive, high-yielding, semi-dwarf cv. ‘PR22D89’, when both weed free and with weeds. These results have direct implications for weed and nutrient management in low-input and organic cropping systems.