小水电集中上网地区无功电压影响与分析

大力开发山区及农村地区小水电是发展分布式发电及清洁能源的重要途径,但是大量小水电集中上网,向电网输送功率的同时,会给电网电压合格率、损耗控制以及继电保护等造成较为严重的影响。结合琼中地区电网的现状,分析了造成电压偏高的原因,并对电网进行了建模计算,针对性的提出了提高电压合格率的运行方式及技术调整方案。计算结果表明,所提方案对改善琼中地区电网电压偏高有明显的作用。     

Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. Within the EU-project SAFIR new water-saving irrigation strategies were developed based on pot, semi-field and field experiments with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and processing tomatoes as model plants. From the pot and semi-field experiments an ABA production model was developed for potatoes to optimize the ABA signalling; this was obtained by modelling the optimal level of soil drying for ABA production before re-irrigation in a crop growth model. The field irrigation guidelines were developed under temperate (Denmark), Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and continental (Serbia, China) climatic conditions during summer. The field investigations on processing tomatoes were undertaken only in the Po valley (North Italy) on fine, textured soil. The investigations from several studies showed that gradual soil drying imposed by deficit irrigation (DI) or partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) induced hydraulic and chemical signals from the root system resulting in partial stomatal closure, an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency, and a slight reduction in top vegetative growth. Further PRD increased N-mineralization significantly beyond that from DI, causing a stay-green effect late in the growing season. In field potato and tomato experiments the water-saving irrigation strategies DI and PRD were able to save about 20-30% of the water used in fully irrigated plants. PRD increased marketable yield in potatoes significantly by 15% due to improved tuber size distribution. PRD increased antioxidant content significantly by approximately 10% in both potatoes and fresh tomatoes. Under a high temperature regime, full irrigation (FI) should be undertaken, as was clear from field observations in tomatoes. For tomatoes full irrigation should be undertaken for cooling effects when the night/day average temperature >26.5 °C or when air temperature >40 °C to avoid flower-dropping. The temperature threshold for potatoes is not clear. From three-year field drip irrigation experiments we found that under the establishment phase, both potatoes and tomatoes should be fully irrigated; however, during the later phases deficit irrigation might be applied as outlined below without causing significant yield reduction:

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Potatoes

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After the end of tuber initiation, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Fresh tomatoes

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From the moment the 1st truce is developed, DI is applied at 85-80% of FI for two weeks. In the middle period, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Processing tomatoes

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From transplanting to fruit setting at 4th-5th cluster, the PRD and DI threshold for re-irrigation is when the plant-available soil water content (ASWC) equals 0.7 (soil water potential, Ψ_soil = −90 kPa). During the late fruit development/ripening stage, 10% of red fruits, the threshold for re-irrigation for DI is when ASWC = 0.5 (Ψ_soil = −185 kPa) and for PRD when ASWC (dry side) = 0.4 (Ψ_{soil, dry side} = −270 kPa).

The findings during the SAFIR project might be used as a framework for implementing water-saving deficit irrigation under different local soil and climatic conditions.     

平邑甜茶延长根和吸收根抗凋亡基因的表达差异及其对2,4-D 的响应

 以3 年生平邑甜茶[Malus hupehensis（Pamp）Rehd. var. pinyiensis Jiang]盆栽树为材料,通过2,4-D 水溶液灌根处理,探讨了新根（延长根和吸收根）细胞死亡及其抗凋亡基因的表达特征。结果表明,在60 mg · L^-1 2,4-D 处理后的70 d 内,新根细胞死亡量和类caspase3/7（半胱天冬酶）活性先上升后下降,ATP 含量和根系活力的变化与之相反。平邑甜茶抗凋亡基因MhBAG、MhBI-1 与MhHSP70 在新根中均受2,4-D 诱导,随着2,4-D 处理时间的延长,MhBAG 基因的表达水平先下降后逐渐升高,MhBI-1 与MhHSP70 则先升高后下降。在2,4-D 处理下,吸收根细胞死亡量与根系活力的变化幅度明显高于延长根,吸收根MhBI-1 与MhHSP70 表达量的早期升高幅度大于延长根,表明吸收根细胞对2,4-D 的敏感性高于延长根;但在基因表达高峰时,延长根抗凋亡基因表达量的升高倍数明显高于吸收根,暗示延长根比吸收根有更强的抗凋亡能力。     

钾素营养对水稻根系生长和养分吸收的影响

本文研究了大田和盆栽试验中钾素营养对水稻根系形态、活力及其对养分吸收的影响。试验结果表明：（１）在氮磷肥的基础上施钾能促进稻根的生长；（２）土壤供钾潜力、钾肥种类和水稻品种的吸Ｋ特性均影响根系的生长；（３）在缺钾的酸性土壤上，吸钾强的品种，施钾的促根效应最为明显；（４）施钾能增加小于０．２ｍｍ的细根量，提高稻根的再生能力，影响Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ等营养元素的吸收及其在地上和地下部分间的分配；（５     

滇重楼根水浸液对四种园林植物的化感作用研究

为了在保健型园林中可以科学合理地应用滇重楼,采用室内生物测定法研究了滇重楼(Paris polyphylla var. Yunnanensis)根水浸液(0、0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08 g·mL^-1)对4种园林植物种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感作用。结果表明,滇重楼根水浸液对4种园林植物种子萌发及幼苗生长有显著影响,且4种园林植物对根水浸液的响应不同。滇重楼根水浸液对4种园林植物种子萌发和幼苗生长主要表现为化感抑制作用,且随着浸提液浓度的升高而逐渐增强,仅孔雀草(Tagetes patula)在浸提液浓度≤0.04 g·mL^-1时表现一定的促进作用;4种园林植物对滇重楼根水浸液化感作用综合效应的敏感性大小依次为白车轴草(Trifolium repen)>鼠尾草(Salvia japonica)>高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)>孔雀草;滇重楼根水浸液对4种园林植物幼苗叶绿素含量基本表现为抑制作用,仅孔雀草在0.02 g·mL^-1处理下表现为促进作用;SOD、CAT活性随滇重楼根水浸液浓度升高而先增后降,POD活性和MDA含量随浓度升高而增加,仅孔雀草在浸提液浓度≤0.04 g·mL^-1时MDA含量减少。因此,滇重楼根水浸液先使4种园林植物遭受氧化胁迫,进而表现出化感抑制作用。     

黄土高原肥水坑施技术下苹果树根系及土壤水分布

为了解黄土丘陵区雨养条件下山地老果园布设肥水坑(water-wertilizer pit,WFP)技术对红富士老果树(Malus pumila Mill)根系及土壤水分空间分布特征的影响,以无肥水坑处理为对照(CK),利用管式TDR系统监测0~300 cm土层土壤含水率,利用根钻法获得21a生旱地果园0~300 cm土层的根系干质量密度。结果表明:WFP能够显著增加果园含水率低值区间(≥40~80 cm土层)土壤含水率,WFP60(60 cm坑深)处理土壤平均含水率增量(145.4%)最显著。WFP40(40 cm坑深)根际土壤湿润区主要集中在≥40~100cm土层,WFP60在≥20~140 cm土层,WFP80(80 cm坑深)主要集中在深层土壤≥140 cm土层。在0~200cm试验土层,WFP60处理土壤多次平均含水率值都最高,为11.02%,依次为WFP40(10.67%)和WFP80(9.80%)。总根系质量密度WFP60处理最大(594.76 g/m3),WFP40(579.08 g/m3)和WFP80(491.82 g/m3)次之,CK最小(372.12 g/m3)。根系在0~100、≥100~200和≥200~300 cm土层中的分配比例为:CK(69.88%、13.74%和16.38)、WFP40(66.04%、14.26%和19.70%)、WFP60(70.35%、24.08%和5.58%)和WFP80(46.54%、15.04%和38.42%),其根系分布与水分分布正相关。该研究表明WFP能够显著改变土壤水分在不同土层深度的分布,坑深越大向下湿润的土体范围也越深;从而显著促进果树根系的生长和根系在不同湿润土层的分配比例关系。总体而言,WFP60处理效果显著好于WFP40和WFP80处理。研究结果将对黄土高原旱地果园集雨和灌溉制度的制定和肥水坑技术的推广提供参考。     

不同施氮量对滴灌春小麦根系时空分布、氮素利用率及产量的影响

为明确新疆干旱区滴灌春小麦不同施氮量对小麦根系的时空分布、氮素利用率及产量的影响。以‘新春19号’为试验材料,利用田间定位试验,研究在小麦拔节期、抽穗期、开花期及成熟期施氮量0kg/hm~2(N_0对照)、150kg/hm~2(N_1)、300kg/hm~2(N_2)、450kg/hm~2(N_3)4个处理,对小麦根系根长密度、根体积、根质量等在0~100cm土层的垂直分布、动态变化及产量构成因素和产量的影响。结果表明:开花期是各处理小麦根长密度、根体积与根质量变化最为剧烈阶段;0~20cm是各处理根量值(根质量、根体积、根长密度)最大层;施氮量适宜(N_2)时,表层根量增加,氮素利用率最高;施氮量过高(N_3)可获得较高的表层根量和产量,但导致最低的氮素利用率;施氮量过少(N_1)可获得较高氮素利用率,但土层根量和产量较低;氮素严重缺乏(N_0)导致表层土壤根系数量减少,影响养分吸收并导致产量最低。建议在新疆干旱区滴灌春小麦区域采用施氮量300kg/hm~2更有利于实现节肥和高产的统一。     

砂糖椰子对干旱和水分补偿的生理变化

为了研究干旱胁迫和复水对砂糖椰子（Arenga pinnata）幼苗叶片和根系的影响,以两年生砂糖椰子幼苗为材料,分别进行干旱胁迫0,7,14和21 d,再复水3和6 d,然后测定叶片和根系的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、脯氨酸（Pro）含量、可溶性蛋白含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量、相对电导率以及叶绿素含量。结果表明,叶片的SOD活性在各个处理中均呈显著的波动性变化,根系的SOD活性在干旱胁迫和复水后都显著高于对照。叶片和根系的Pro含量在重度干旱胁迫下显著升高,复水后显著降低;而可溶性蛋白含量在中度和重度干旱胁迫时均显著减少,复水3 d后显著增加;叶片和根系的MDA含量变化趋势具有互补性;叶片和根系的相对电导率均随着干旱胁迫时间的延长而增加,在中度和重度干旱胁迫时显著高于其他处理,复水后减少;叶绿素含量在重度干旱胁迫时达到最高值。总之,在干旱胁迫下,叶片和根系不同指标变化规律不一样,脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量和相对电导率在叶片和根系中的变化趋势相似,SOD活性和MDA含量的变化趋势不一致,表明砂糖椰子地上部和地下部对干旱胁迫的响应具有协同效应。     

水稻根系空间分布特性的三维建模及可视化研究

为明确水稻根系在土壤中的空间分布特性,应用"根箱法"进行试验,获取水稻根系坐标数据,分析根系生长随水稻生育进程的变化规律,采用植物模拟技术,建立了水稻根系三维形态模型,包括根节点初始位置的确定、根节点生长方向的确定、不定根位置的确定、不定根生长方向的确定等。根据水稻根系几何形态参数,采用Visual C++及Open GL标准图形库,对水稻根系的三维形态结构进行重构,使系统生成更加逼真的水稻根系图像。结果表明该模型对水稻根系形态结构动态生长具有较好的预测效果,同时也可为其他作物根系的可视化研究提供参考。     

不同灌水方法对苹果树果实膨大期根系生长和土壤酶活性的影响研究

蓄水坑灌法是针对我国北方地区水资源紧缺和水土流失严重双重问题而提出的一种适用于山丘区果林的中深层立体灌溉。为了果树能够更好地吸收水分和养分,需对其根系和土壤酶活性方面进行研究。本试验在果实膨大期采用根钻法对地面灌溉和蓄水坑灌条件下的苹果树根系形态及活力和土壤酶活性进行对比研究,结果表明:在两种灌溉方式下,果树根系形态指标和根系活力均随土层深度的增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,蓄水坑灌条件下峰值出现在60~100cm土层深度内,较地面灌溉峰值下移,且均大于地面灌溉;脲酶、磷酸酶和硝酸还原酶活性随土层深度的增加表现出先增大后减小的趋势。在0~20cm表层土壤,蓄水坑灌条件下的土壤酶活性低于地面灌溉,而在中深层土壤,蓄水坑灌的要明显高于地面灌溉。过氧化氢酶活性则表现为随土层深度的增加先减小后增大,且蓄水坑灌条件下的酶活性在0~160cm全土层深度内均大于地面灌溉。