Transport and environmental temperature variability of eggs and larvae of the Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) and Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) in the western North Pacific estimated via numerical particle-tracking experiments

Numerical particle-tracking experiments were performed to investigate the transport and variability in environmental temperature experienced by eggs and larvae of Pacific stocks of the Japanese anchovy ( Engraulis japonicus ) and Japanese sardine ( Sardinops melanostictus ) using high-resolution outputs of the Ocean General Circulation Model for the Earth Simulator (OFES) and the observed distributions of eggs collected from 1978 to 2004. The modeled anchovy individuals tend to be trapped in coastal waters or transported to the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region. In contrast, a large proportion of the sardines are transported to the Kuroshio Extension. The egg density-weighted mean environmental temperature until day 30 of the experiment was 20–24°C for the anchovy and 17–20°C for the sardine, which can be explained by spawning areas and seasons, and interannual oceanic variability. Regression analyses revealed that the contribution of environmental temperature to the logarithm of recruitment per spawning (expected to have a negative relationship with the mean mortality coefficient) was significant for both the anchovy and sardine, especially until day 30, which can be regarded as the initial stages of their life cycles. The relationship was quadratic for the anchovy, with an optimal temperature of 21–22°C, and linear for the sardine, with a negative coefficient. Differences in habitat areas and temperature responses between the sardine and anchovy are suggested to be important factors in controlling the dramatic out-of-phase fluctuations of these species.     

Effects of rhamnolipids on bacterial communities in a dioxin-contaminated soil and the gut of earthworms added to the soil

The biosurfactants rhamnolipids and the “soil ecosystem engineers” earthworms are often used to remediate contaminated soils. However, the effects of rhamnolipids on earthworm intestinal flora and microbial community in soil containing earthworms are not clearly understood. In our study, a 21-d microcosm experiment was carried out to reveal the effects of rhamnolipids on microbial abundance, composition, and metabolism, as well as contaminant degradation capacity. Both rhamnolipids and earthworm...     

0.5%阿维菌素颗粒剂防治黄瓜根结线虫病药效试验

以"津东8号"黄瓜为试材,以清水为对照,研究了泰安市现代农业科技有限公司生产的不同浓度的0.5%阿维菌素颗粒与深圳诺普信农化股份有限公司生产的0.5%阿维菌素颗粒剂对黄瓜根结线虫病的田间药效。结果表明:泰安市现代农业科技有限公司生产的0.5%阿维菌素颗粒剂2 000、3 000、3 500g/667m2对黄瓜根结线虫病的防效在66.61%～74.63%之间,3 000g/667m2相同剂量下的2个厂家的0.5%阿维菌素颗粒防效差异不显著。     

功能型酸奶的研究进展

功能型酸奶独特的风味及保健功能,受到越来越多消费群体的青睐,有较好的消费市场和发展前景,也有较大的研究价值。本文在国内外研究基础上,对功能型酸奶常见的两种分类方式（按添加成分和消费者群体分类）、不同的保健功能（解酒、抗氧化、通便、清热解毒和对砷毒性的缓解作用等）,及目前在国内外市场销售的酸奶进行总结,为功能型酸奶的研发及工业化的生产提供理论基础。     

玉米秸秆的压缩特性及其压力与压缩密度的数学模型

目前,秸秆青贮主要采取地下青贮的方式,工序比较多,劳动强度大,秸秆浪费严重,甚至易发生霉变。如果对揉搓后的秸秆能够进行压缩打捆,用塑料薄膜密封后在地上贮存,将会使上述问题得到较好的解决。为此,对揉搓后玉米秸秆在闭式容器内进行了压缩试验,并对揉搓后玉米秸秆的压力-变形曲线进行分析。结果表明,揉切后玉米秸秆的压缩过程存在松散、过渡和压紧3个阶段。进一步对试验数据进行统计分析,建立了揉搓后玉米秸秆的压力P与压缩密度γ在松散阶段、过渡阶段和压紧阶段的数学模型。     

两种小麦对行免耕播种机的对比实验

对2BMD-12型小麦对行免耕播种机和美国JD1590型进行了对比实验,内容包括机具适应的地表秸秆覆盖情况、施肥能力以及性能价格比等。结果表明,JD1590型小麦对行播种机不适用于我国一年两熟地区的小麦免耕播种;2BMD-12型小麦对行免耕播种机是专门针对我国一年两熟地区免耕播种小麦而设计的,有较好的防堵性能,能在直立玉米秸秆覆盖地直接进行小麦播种,作业质量良好。     

Phosphorus dynamics in a long‐term P fertilization trial on Luvic Phaeozem at Halle

The soil of the long‐term experiment laid out 1949 in Halle has the potential to supply much P. The P taken up by plants where no P (P0) or 15 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (P1) was applied was much greater than the P applied as fertilizer (P1). A decrease in yield was measured only after the first 25 years on P0 soils but the P1 treatment has, so far, shown no decrease. Lactate extractions of the soil did not reflect P‐uptake suitably. The release of P from insoluble into water soluble forms was at a minimum after 30 years in P0 soils. P1 soils have now also declined to this minimum value and it remains to be seen whether yields decrease in this treatment in the future. Parallel to this trend, the P sorption increased in P0 soils. The subsoil also seems to be an important source for P supply, possibly influenced by root exudates. Further work is needed to gain a better understanding of soil P dynamics in connection with root exudates and microbes and to identify parameters which will provide more reliable means of calculating fertilizer P requirements.     

Laboratory and field evaluation of spinosad against the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar

The toxicity of the naturally derived insecticide spinosad was tested against the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Bioassays using red oak leaf disks, treated with spinosad in a Potter spray tower, yielded an LC₅₀ value of 0.0015 µg AI cm⁻² (3‐day exposure; 13‐day evaluation; 2nd instar larvae). Applied to foliage to run‐off in the laboratory (potted red oak seedlings) and the field (4 m‐tall birch trees), spinosad effectively controlled 2nd instar larvae at concentrations ranging from 3 to 50 mg litre⁻¹. Toxicity in the laboratory, and efficacy and persistence in the field, were comparable to those achieved with the insecticide permethrin. Laboratory studies supported field observations that control was achieved in part by knockdown due to paralysis. In addition, laboratory results demonstrated that crawling contact activity may play an important role in field efficacy; 50% of treated larvae were paralyzed 16 h after a 2‐min crawling exposure to glass coated with a 4 mg litre⁻¹ spinosad solution. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于有限元分析的核桃脱壳技术研究

核桃破壳是核桃深加工的第一步,必须首先解决。经实测发现核桃形状不规则、壳仁间隙小。试验证明核桃壳完全破裂所需的变形量大于壳仁间隙,用一般的机械挤压方法破壳必将造成大量的碎仁。该文采用结构静力分析的有限单元法,通过所建核桃的几何模型和破壳的有限元模型,对核桃在几种载荷作用下的应力分布规律进行了分析,找出了核桃壳变形量不大且产生局部裂纹点多、裂纹点易扩展的最佳的施力方式。设计了导向机构。试验表明,核桃导向装置基本实现了使核桃的椭圆长轴与破壳辊轴线平行,使核桃以滚动方式挤压扩展裂纹提高了露仁率。     

基于现场总线技术的农业机械控制系统研究

探讨了CAN总线在智能农业机械上应用的可行性,确定了基于ISO11783的应用层通信协议的制定策略和具体方法。开发了应用于在线测产和变量施肥的CAN总线控制系统,并对提高系统可靠性措施进行了探讨。实验测试结果表明,总线控制系统运行稳定,满足了精准农业实时数据采集与控制的要求。