黑木耳的营养功效及其在食品行业的加工现状

黑木耳是一种药食两用的食用菌,富含木耳多糖、蛋白质、粗纤维、维生素B以及钙磷铁等微量元素,具有滋阴养血、补肝润肺、强体通便等功效。目前国内食品制造企业以天然种植黑木耳为主要原料,研制出了黑木耳饼干、黑木耳馒头、黑木耳果冻等深加工产品。本文对黑木耳的营养成分、活性功效以及食品深加工方面进行综述,为黑木耳高附加值产品的深度开发提供一定的参考。     

朝鲜蓟发酵茶泡制工艺研究

以感官评价为指标,通过单因素试验和响应面试验设计优化朝鲜蓟发酵茶泡制工艺。结果表明,朝鲜蓟发酵茶的最佳泡制工艺为冲泡时间22 min,加水量243 mL,冲泡水温86℃,粉碎度40目,在此条件下感官评分为90分。通过ABTS法和DPPH法检测表明,朝鲜蓟袋泡茶具有明显的抗氧化能力。     

威宁县白萝卜优质生产技术

从播前准备、品种选择、播种方式和方法、田间管理、病虫害防治、适时收获等方面系统阐述了威宁白萝卜的优质生产技术措施，以期为广大农民朋友提供科学的技术指导和参考。     

翻转课堂模式在“食品微生物学实验”教学中应用的探索与思考

为进一步提高学生的实验学习兴趣和积极性,在食品微生物学实验教学中尝试运用翻转课堂模式以培养学生自主学习能力和各项综合素质。本文从传统实验教学中存在的问题、运用翻转课堂教学模式的优势等方面提出了对食品微生物学实验教学的改革和反思,分析了翻转课堂模式在课程体系中的重要性。     

The heterogeneous distribution of α-amylase and endoxylanase activity over a population of preharvest sprouted wheat kernels and their localization in individual kernels

To develop targeted approaches to improve the quality of preharvest sprouted (PHS) wheat as a raw material for food manufacturing, knowledge on the nature and distribution of hydrolytic enzymes in PHS wheat is crucial. Results of the present study indicate that α-amylase and endoxylanase activities are heterogeneously distributed among a population of PHS kernel. Within individual severely sprouted kernels, the enzyme activities are heterogeneously distributed throughout the different tissues. α-Amylase activity, almost exclusively of endogenous nature, is mainly detected in the germ region and to a lesser extent in the aleurone layer. Endoxylanase activity is predominantly of microbial origin and located on the kernel surface. In spite of this, light and epifluorescence microscopy show decreased kernel integrity and cell wall breakdown in the crushed cells layer, the endosperm, and the aleurone layer in a selection of kernels upon preharvest sprouting. This knowledge offers opportunities for the development of treatments to reduce the enzyme load in PHS wheat at postharvest level to improve its flour quality.     

牡丹籽粕提取液对连作土壤特性及小麦全蚀病防治研究

为充分利用牡丹籽粕中杀虫抑菌等作用成分,确定不同浓度牡丹籽粕提取液对连作土壤性质的影响。本研究通过结合单因素和正交实验、土壤化学性质分析方法及小麦全蚀病室内生物活性测定方法,确定了牡丹籽粕中有效成分最优提取条件为60%乙醇浓度、120 W超声功率、50℃提取温度;发现牡丹籽粕提取液在一定浓度范围内可降低连作土壤pH、改善土壤碱性,对土壤养分中有机质含量、全氮、碳氮比、全磷、灰分均表现出低浓度促进作用,高浓度抑制作用“低促高抑”作用,并有益于真菌、放线菌数量及纤维素酶和脲酶活性的增加;此外,牡丹籽粕提取液浓度为0.8 mg/mL (T4)时,其对小麦全蚀病治疗作用防效达63.42%。本研究结果可为牡丹籽粕废弃物的资源化利用及植物源环保型杀菌剂的开发奠定基础。     

3种农药对蔗田杂草香附子的防除效果及其安全性评价

研究旨在明确75%氯吡嘧磺隆WDG、25%硝磺·莠去津OD和73%甲·灭·敌草隆WP等对蔗田香附子的防除效果及其安全性。采用田间试验方法,分别调查了喷施不同药剂处理的甘蔗和香附子的叶色变化情况,香附子地表植株、根和地下球茎（或芽）的死亡率。结果表明,75%氯吡嘧磺隆WDG对香附子地上部分、根和地下球茎（或芽）防效均达90%以上且对甘蔗安全;73%甲·灭·敌草隆WP可有效控制香附子地表植株和根,但对地下球茎（或芽）防效较低;25%硝磺·莠去津OD仅能使香附子地表植株变色,对香附子根和地下球茎（或芽）几乎无效。75%氯吡嘧磺隆WDG对香附子防治效果好且对甘蔗安全,可作为蔗田香附子防治的轮换药剂,使用剂量以90、135 g/hm²为宜。     

The positive relationship between soil quality and crop production: A case study on the effect of farm compost application

In order to ensure sustainable agriculture, and for evaluating the effects of management practices on soil processes, tools for assessing soil quality are required. The development and use of a multiparameter index, which includes a wide range of soil properties, have been tested and found useful by several studies. However, soil quality measurements are ‘stand-alone’ tools unless they are either linked to important soil functions, used to characterize (agro)ecosystems or used to predict sustainability or productivity. In our study, the relationship between crop production and soil quality was assessed in a six year old field experiment studying the effect of farm compost (FC) amendment in a crop rotation of potato, fodder beet, forage maize and Brussels sprouts. To justify the hypothesis that repeated FC amendment results in both improved soil quality and consequently higher crop yields, a wide range of chemical, biological and physical soil properties were measured and integrated into a soil quality index (SQI). Next, crop yields were used as a functional goal to verify the causal relationship between SQI and crop production. Our results showed that there were significant changes in chemical, physical and biological soil quality as a result of repeated FC amendment. This was evidenced for example by a remarkable increase in both soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N content. Microbial biomass, the relative amount of bacterivorous nematodes and earthworm number were significantly increased as well and, together with SOC and total N, indicated as the dominant factors in assessing soil quality. The integration of these key indicators into the SQI revealed higher SQI values when FC was applied. In addition, crop yields were increased in all FC treated plots by which SOC was pointed out as the most important indicator influencing crop production. Finally, a causal relationship was observed between soil quality and the yield of potato and fodder beet. We conclude that our SQI may be a promising and useful tool to compare different (soil) management practices in relation to a strategic, regional goal, e.g., sustainable high yields. Before generalizing, we recommend a thorough validation of our SQI in other long-term field experiments.     

复合高效配方药剂对甘蔗褐条病防控效果评价

为了筛选防控甘蔗褐条病的复合高效配方药剂及精准施药技术,选用多菌灵、苯菌灵、百菌清、嘧菌脂、吡唑醚菌脂、苯甲嘧菌酯进行田间药效试验。结果表明,（50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂1500 g+75%百菌清可湿性粉剂1500 g+磷酸二氢钾2400 g+农用增效助剂300 mL）/hm²、（50%苯菌灵可湿性粉剂1500 g+75%百菌清可湿性粉剂1500 g+磷酸二氢钾2400 g+农用增效助剂300 mL）/hm²和（25%吡唑醚菌脂悬浮剂600 mL+磷酸二氢钾2400 g+农用增效助剂300 mL）/hm²等3个配方药剂对甘蔗褐条病均具有良好的防治效果,其病指均在14.02以下,防效均达84.41%以上。本研究显示3个配方药剂是防控甘蔗褐条病理想的复合高效配方药剂,可在7—8月人工和无人机飞防叶面喷施,7~10天喷1次,连喷2次。     

预处理及培养方法协同作用对新铁炮百合种子萌发的影响

【目的】 研究不同预处理方式下培养方法协同作用对新铁炮百合种子萌发的影响。【方法】 以新铁炮百合雷山1号种子为材料,采用三因素四水平正交试验设计,研究不同水平的预处理方式、培养温度、培养方式对新铁炮百合雷山1号种子萌发的影响,以及不同温度下种子萌发过程中可溶性糖和过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的动态变化规律。【结果】 培养温度是影响新铁炮百合雷山1号种子萌发的主要因素,其次是预处理方式和培养方式。雷山1号种子的最佳预处理方式是4℃浸种7 d,最佳培养温度是21℃,最佳培养方式是土壤播种,发芽率为99.18%,播种后第9 d发芽指数为4.65。不同温度处理下,种子萌发过程中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性表现出先增加后下降的趋势,可溶性糖含量则呈现出先下降再上升的趋势,其中21℃处理下种子的抗逆性和贮藏物质的转化利用要高于15、18和25℃处理下的种子,21℃为适宜温度。【结论】 雷山1号种子的最佳处理方式为4℃浸种7 d于21℃下土壤播种。