常见桑科榕属植物叶片类胡萝卜素含量的比较分析

采用酒精-丙酮(1∶1)进行萃取,用分光光度法测定常见桑科榕属植物小叶榕、黄金榕和花叶榕的胡萝卜素、叶黄素和总类胡萝卜素的含量。结果表明,胡萝卜素含量为:小叶榕>黄金榕>花叶榕;叶黄素含量是:黄金榕>花叶榕>小叶榕;总类胡萝卜素含量为:小叶榕>花叶榕>黄金榕。可见,黄金榕叶黄素含量最高,小叶榕的最低,花叶榕的居中;而小叶榕的胡萝卜素含量最高,花叶榕的最低,黄金榕的居中。由于这3种植物各种色素的含量差异,使得这3种植物的叶片呈现出不同的颜色。     

基于28S, COI和Cytb基因序列的薜荔和爱玉子传粉小蜂分子遗传关系研究

薜荔和爱玉子均属于桑科榕属植物,二者为同一物种的原变种与变种的关系,早期研究认为这两种榕树与同一种传粉榕小蜂(Wiebesia pumilae (Hill))建立了稳定的互利共生关系,但近期在形态学、生态学、传粉生物学等方面对二者的研究结果表明,薜荔传粉小蜂和爱玉子传粉小蜂之间可能发生了遗传分化。实验用核糖体28SrDNAD1-D3区、线粒体Cytb及COI基因部分序列,对采自福建3个不同样地的薜荔传粉小蜂和3个不同品系的栽培爱玉子的传粉小蜂进行分析,结果表明:(1)薜荔传粉小蜂和爱玉子传粉小蜂的核糖体28S序列的碱基组成中A,T,G,C 4种含量较平均,C+G的平均含量(56%)稍高于A+T的含量(44%)。线粒体Cytb序列中A+T的含量(76.1%)明显高于C+G的含量(23.9%),COI序列中A+T的含量(71.9%)也明显高于G+C的含量(28.1%),这是膜翅目昆虫线粒体基因的普遍特征。在薜荔和爱玉子传粉小蜂的线粒体Cytb及COI基因中,密码子第三位点A+T的含量最高。(2)比较薜荔和爱玉子传粉小蜂的3种分子标记的变异范围显示,28S进化速度较Cytb及COI序列慢,比较保守,更适合科、亚科等较高分类单元的研究。薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂之间的亲缘关系较近,采用Cytb与COI序列进行分析更为精确。(3)用Cytb及COI序列对薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂之间的遗传距离进行分析显示,薜荔传粉榕小蜂个体间Cytb序列平均遗传距离为0.0054,爱玉子传粉小蜂个体间的Cytb遗传距离为0.0164;薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂群体之间的Cytb序列平均遗传距离为0.1385;COI序列的薜荔传粉榕小蜂个体间遗传距离为0.0048,爱玉子传粉小蜂各样本间平均遗传距离为0.0102;薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂群体间COI序列平均遗传距离为0.1896,两群体间的遗传距离(差异大于10%以上)明显大于群体内各样本之间的遗传距离,表明薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂之间已经发生了很大的遗传分化,其变异水平达到了种间分化水平,即薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂为两个不同的种。     

菩提树及其在园林绿化中的应用

系统阐述了菩提树的生态特征、引种分布等,剖析了其丰富的文化内涵,并总结了其在城市园林绿化中的应用。     

运用BIB-LCJ审美评判法评价榕属植物景观

榕属植物在园林中形成的景观大体可归纳为7种类型：孤植景观、行道树景观、盆景景观、丛植群植景观、特色景观（附生与绞杀景观）、绿篱景观、地被景观。运用BIB-LCJ审美评判法评价7种类型的榕属植物景观,研究公众对各种榕属植物景观的审美趋向,进而讨论如何配置榕属植物,营造符合公众审美的植物景观。     

爱玉子与其传粉小蜂共生体系的研究

[目的]为爱玉子栽培和育种提供科学依据。[方法]观测爱玉子花序的发育过程及传粉小蜂生活周期,并统计各种类型的花和榕小蜂数量。[结果]爱玉子与传粉小蜂之间为专一性互惠共生关系。阐明了人工栽培爱玉子种群的生活史,论述了爱玉子果实发育的异步性以及结构、功能的统一性,指出雌花序退化花存在及雌、雄花序内变异花产生的生物学意义。[结论]爱玉子与其传粉小蜂的结构与功能的统一性是二者专一性互惠共生关系建立的基础。     

The role of timber tree species in the nutritional ecology of spider monkeys in a certified logging concession,Bolivia

Selective harvesting of timber can lead to population declines in some primate species. As frugivorous primates are important seed dispersers in tropical forests, the reduction of their populations may affect the ecological sustainability of selectively logged forests. This paper is the first to quantify the importance of timber tree species in the diet and nutritional ecology of a primate species. We studied spider monkeys (Ateles chamek) inhabiting a certified forestry concession in Bolivia where post-logging population declines of this species have been recorded. We show that spider monkeys occupying unlogged areas obtained approximately 50% of their total intake of macro-nutrients from timber tree species and exhibited a distinct preference for foraging within trees that were of harvestable size. Timber tree species dominated the spider monkeys’ diet both during peak fruiting periods and during periods of fruit scarcity. We estimate that under current timber extraction intensities spider monkeys lose significant proportions of their food sources. Our results indicate that further extraction limits could be considered for Ficus boliviana, Spondias mombin and Pouteria nemorosa. We suggest that to ensure long-term ecological sustainability of certified forestry concessions, the importance of timber tree species in the ecology of seed dispersers needs to be taken into account.     

热带苹果榕雌雄隐头果内生真菌物种多样性及其对比研究

 2009~2010年对西双版纳热带植物园内的苹果榕(Ficus oligodon)雄树和雌树分别在小蜂侵入前后进行内生真菌的分离与鉴定。初步鉴定结果表明,小蜂侵入前后,苹果榕雌雄树上分离到的内生真菌种类基本相同,有10属565株。优势菌株变化很小,均属于镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、青霉菌属(Penicillium)、小丛壳属(Glomerella)和刺盘孢属(Colletotrichun)。4属真菌在雄树和雌树中分别占总真菌数的37.55%和33.55%,18.39%和19.74%,13.03%和12.50%,10.34%和12.50%,其它真菌所占比例均未超过10%,属于偶见类群。此外,Aspergillus sp只在雄果里分离到,而Cephalosporium sp和Trametes sp仅在雌果中分离到。这可能是由于环境不同或者进入榕果内不同小蜂的身上所带菌株不同,小蜂侵入榕果后,携带真菌在榕果内发育并在榕果内定植,从而导致真菌种类的不同。     

2013年昆明市榕属植物冻害及恢复研究

为了验证昆明市2013年12月所遭受的“10年1遇”的极端低温天气对该市种植的榕属植物的影响,笔者对市内最常见的3种榕属植物小叶榕、垂叶榕和高山榕所遭受的冻害情况进行调查和分析,将每种处理的冻害程度换算为冻害指数并进行统计分析,并对这3种榕树的冻害恢复进行了2年跟踪调查。结果表明：微环境对榕树的冻害具有显著影响,附近有遮挡的榕树更不容易被冻伤,同时,市郊的榕树比市中心的榕树更容易遭受低温冻害,而榕树的直径对冻伤程度并无显著影响。经过2年的恢复,几乎所有的榕树都能够逐渐恢复健康。结果说明,榕树在昆明市虽可能会遭受低温冻害,但经过后期的护理和恢复,基本都不会死亡,但在郊区,特别是郊区空旷地带,冻害较为严重,需谨慎选择榕树作为行道树。     

Analysis of genetic diversity among European and Asian fig varieties (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ficus carica</Emphasis> L.) using ISSR,RAPD, and SSR markers

Nineteen fig varieties and lines from Europe and Asia have been fingerprinted by ISSR, RAPD, and SSR markers, respectively, using 13, 19, and 13 primer combinations. All primers produced 258 loci, with the highest number of loci (119) generated by RAPD (R _p: 48.42). Clustering analysis was applied to the three marker datasets to elucidate the genetic structure and relationships among these varieties. Mean genetic similarities were 0.787, 0.717, and 0.749, respectively, as determined using ISSR, RAPD, and SSR. Each marker system produced incompletely separated clusters, although a weak binding group based on race type appeared in the combined dataset. Comparisons of coefficients revealed no correlation between different similarity matrices; congruence was observed between similarity matrices and co-phenetic matrices in all markers. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that most of the total polymorphism was attributable to within-group variance (ISSRs + RAPDs, 97.41%; SSRs, 90.18%). These results suggest that the genetic diversity of this fig population is low and that multiple marker utilization is critical to estimate the relatedness of figs at the variety level. Additionally, it was presumed that ‘Houraihi’, the oldest variety in Japan, was disseminated independently of other foreign varieties in the 17th century or before then.     

基于GIS的植物叶片信息测量研究

采用网格法、GIS法和AutoCAD法对榕树(Ficus microcarpa)叶片的叶面积、叶长、叶宽、叶周长进行测定,利用数码相机获取榕树叶片信息,对3种方法的测定结果进行比较。结果表明,网格法与GIS法和AutoCAD法具有极显著的正线性相关关系,与其他叶片信息测定方法相比,GIS法更精确、简便、省时、省力。