Contrasted genetic diversity and differentiation among Mediterranean populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ficus carica</Emphasis> L.: A study using mtDNA RFLP

Patterns of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation revealed by RFLP were investigated for 63 individuals of the common fig, Ficus carica L., in 15 supposedly natural populations throughout the Mediterranean basin. Fifteen haplotypes were detected using one restriction enzyme (HindIII) and four probes (atp, coxIII, nad3rpsl2 and rps12). Mitochondrial diversity within populations varied from monomorphic to entirely polymorphic and population differentiation was high (F_ST = 0.323, P < 10^–5). Seven groups of populations were defined on the basis of genetic and geographic proximity and lead to significant pairwise F_ST estimates except for the Corsican group which was similar to the Moroccan one. Fig populations were structured into three clusters: Balearic, West and East Mediterranean gene pools. The low diversity and strong differentiation of the Balearic populations strongly supports an ancient origin and the presence of natural populations in this area before domestication. Significant genetic differentiation between the West and East Mediterranean probably also reflects a diversification of the common fig over the Mediterranean basin preceding domestication. In contrast, Italian island populations seem to result from introduced cultivated fig since they present continental haplotypes. Our study represents a first mtDNA polymorphism survey and these indications should be confirmed by analysing local cultivated forms from the Baleares and from Italian islands and further natural populations from the East Mediterranean.     

Comparative Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Two Tunisian Collections of Fig Cultivars Based on Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA and Inter Simple Sequence Repeats Fingerprints

This study characterized the genetic diversity of 18 Tunisian fig cultivars using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR). Both random and ISSR primers tested generated a total of 116 RAPD and 47 ISSR markers. Considerable genetic variation was observed among fig cultivars sampled from two regional Tunisian collections with an average diversity of 4.57. RAPD and ISSR banding patterns and genetic distances values reflected the high level of diversity among the collections and lower variability between the two collections. The correlation between the RAPD and ISSR similarity matrices computed for the 153 pairwise comparisons among the 18 varieties was lower and significant. An analysis of molecular variance showed that 92% of the total genetic diversity resided within collections, whereas only 8% between collections. The results indicated that in the local fig germ plasm the information provided by RAPD and ISSR is not analogous, most likely as a consequence of the fact that the two classes of markers explore, at least in part, different portions of the genome.     

薜荔的开发利用及载培技术

开发利用，保护野生薜荔资源，改薜荔野生型为载培型，建立经济型载培基地，为发展绿色食品工业，药材和造纸业提供原料，对于发展区域有着重大的意义，薜荔，可采用播种育勒或扦插，嫁接和组织培养进行繁育，基地造林，可人为砌垣或搭棚架作攀附物，群众笥造林可将薜荔幼苗载在断墙殖壁，庭院围墙，树木旁边，供其攀附。     

无柄小叶榕种子育苗技术

无柄小叶榕是分布于亚热带最北缘的榕属常绿大乔木，在温州分布着100年生以上的古榕760余株。研究得出无柄小叶榕的育苗技术：以腐熟木屑为基质，含氮营养素为配方．调节光照到3．5-5．3万lx之间，用大棚保温越冬。认为采用种子育苗是解决无柄小叶榕种苗问题的主要措施。表4参6     

Characterization of Lasiodiplodia species causing leaf blight,stem rot and fruit rot of fig (Ficus carica) in Malaysia

Fig (Ficus carica) is an exotic deciduous plant that is grown worldwide. Fungal diseases pose a major threat to fig plants, affecting their fruit quality and production. This study was conducted to characterize the fungal isolates associated with leaf blight, stem rot and fruit rot of F. carica in Malaysia through morphological analysis, DNA sequencing, multigene phylogenetic analysis and pathogenicity tests. From September 2018 to March 2019, 30 blighted leaves and 30 rotted stems and fruits of F. carica were collected from several nurseries in Malaysia. Thirty fungal isolates that belonged to Lasiodiplodia theobromae (27 isolates) and L. brasiliensis (three isolates) were identified based on morphological characteristics, comparison of DNA sequences and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), elongation translation factor 1-α (tef1-α), β-tubulin (tub2) and DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit (rpb2). Among the 27 isolates of L. theobromae, nine isolates were obtained from leaves, eight isolates from stems and 10 isolates from fruits, whereas the three isolates of L. brasiliensis were obtained from stems (two isolates) and a leaf (one isolate). The results of pathogenicity tests revealed that L. theobromae and L. brasiliensis isolates were responsible for leaf blight and stem rot of F. carica, whereas fruit rot was caused by L. theobromae isolates. The present study highlighted two different species, L. theobromae and L. brasiliensis, as the causal agents of leaf blight and stem rot of F. carica. Additionally, L. theobromae caused fruit rot of F. carica in Malaysia.     

Seasonal and diurnal photosynthetic behaviour of fig (Ficus carica L.) under semi-arid climatic conditions

Abstract

Diurnal and seasonal variations in net photosynthetic (P_N) and transpiration (E) rates and water use efficiency (WUE) of the fig tree (Ficus carica L.) were investigated under semi-arid climatic conditions. The two types of leaves from southern and northern parts of trees experienced natural air temperature and irradiance conditions, but differ particularly in water use efficiency. The obtained data reveal that leaf temperature, because of decrease in stomatal conductance, is the major factor limiting the gas exchange capacity of fig trees grown under rain-fed conditions. Stomatal conductance is the major control mechanism, particularly in the northern parts of the trees; however, P_N was most probably decreased by both stomatal and non-stomatal resistance mechanisms such as photoinhibition under severe drought and high irradiance conditions in the southern parts of the trees.     

爱玉子瘦果果胶酯酶的抽提条件及活性测定研究

研究了爱玉子果胶酯酶的优化提取方法,并测定了不同条件下爱玉子果胶酯酶的活性及热稳定性。结果表明:爱玉子果胶酯酶抽提液中NaCl的最佳浓度是5%,最佳抽提温度是30℃,最佳抽提时间是24 h,最佳保存时间24 h;酶活测定时作用液中NaCl最适浓度范围为0.6%~1.0%,作用液的最适pH为7.0,温度30~50℃,爱玉子果胶酯酶的热稳定性良好。     

无柄小叶榕容器育苗轻型基质配方筛选试验研究

无柄小叶榕（Ficus concinna Miq．var．Subsessilis Comer）是热带、亚热带地区一个重要的树种。是城乡绿化和沿海防护林重要树种之一。为解决该树种容器苗基质最佳配方，本文以轻型基质泥炭土、珍珠岩、木屑、稻谷壳等农林废弃物为基本材料，采用单形重心混料设计的试验方法，并采用多目标决策综合评价得出泥炭土（46％）、珍珠岩（27％）和锯屑（27％）的组成是无柄小叶榕容器苗最为理想的轻型基质配方。     

设施无花果无土栽培技术研究

结合无花果生物学特性,对其品种选择、肥水管理、整形修剪、病虫害防治及果实采收等栽培管理技术进行总结,可供广大种植户参考.文章还以无土栽培技术集成为切入点,介绍了无花果设施栽培的相关技术措施,以期为无花果高产高效栽培提供理论依据.     

常见桑科榕属植物叶片类胡萝卜素含量的比较分析

采用酒精-丙酮(1∶1)进行萃取,用分光光度法测定常见桑科榕属植物小叶榕、黄金榕和花叶榕的胡萝卜素、叶黄素和总类胡萝卜素的含量。结果表明,胡萝卜素含量为:小叶榕>黄金榕>花叶榕;叶黄素含量是:黄金榕>花叶榕>小叶榕;总类胡萝卜素含量为:小叶榕>花叶榕>黄金榕。可见,黄金榕叶黄素含量最高,小叶榕的最低,花叶榕的居中;而小叶榕的胡萝卜素含量最高,花叶榕的最低,黄金榕的居中。由于这3种植物各种色素的含量差异,使得这3种植物的叶片呈现出不同的颜色。