施肥对日光温室土壤微生物与酶活性变化的影响

在日光温室内,采用田间试验的方法,研究不同施肥处理对西红柿土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明:施有机肥、化肥、有机肥 叶面肥处理土壤磷酸酶活性增加,施化肥 叶面肥处理比施化肥处理土壤磷酸酶活性增加;施有机肥处理土壤脲酶活性增强;施化肥 叶面肥处理土壤磷酸酶活性比施有机肥 叶面肥处理降低;施肥对蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响较小。施有机肥处理土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量增加,施化肥处理土壤细菌数量降低,土壤真菌和放线菌数量增加。     

施肥条件下瘠薄红壤的生物化学性状变化

在中国科学院红壤生态开放实验站布置田间长期定位试验,研究施肥条件下瘠薄红壤的肥力恢复特征,本文报道土壤生物化学性状的变化。结果表明,年施有机物料4500~9000kg/hm2时,5年后不同瘠薄红壤的表土有机C含量可提高2.1~7.5g/kg,全N含量提高0.18~0.71g/kg;而单施化肥的处理土壤有机C含量平均仅提高2.0g/kg,全N含量提高0.22g/kg。在施用较高量有机肥的情况下(9000 kg/hm2),5年后表土有机C含量从原来的1.3~3.0g/kg提高到7.0~9.7g/kg,全N含量从原来的0.34 ~ 0.41g/kg提高到0.70 ~ 1.05g/kg,该值已接近一般旱地红壤的含量水平。积累量也因母质、利用方式、施肥量的不同而异。施用有机肥还明显增加大团聚体中有机C的含量和比例,提高土壤酶活性和微生物数量,对改善养分有效性和土壤有机质品质有显著作用。     

Simplified N fertilization strategies for winter wheat. Part 1: plants: compensation capacity of modern wheat varieties

ABSTRACT

Winter wheat in northwestern Europe is often fertilized with several doses of calcium-ammonium-nitrate (CAN). For economy, farmers fertilize using a combination of N-doses. Here, we examined the necessity of N splitting (1–3) and application timing in experiments conducted in 2010 using a one-factorial fully randomized block design, and in 2011–2012 using a two-factorial split-plot design (four replicates). The study site, in southwestern Germany, had silty loam soil, and modern cultivars (2010: one cultivar, 2011–2012: three cultivars) with different genetic abilities to develop the yield components of interest were tested. A late first or single N application at stage BBCH 29/31 did not lead to differences in grain yields or protein contents compared to three N applications. However, a single N application at stage BBCH 25/27 resulted in a reduced protein content. Yield component development did not significantly differ among the cultivars. Early N application increased plant density but not yield. In two years, low plant densities were compensated by higher numbers of kernels per spike. Hence, under the tested conditions, the number of N applications could be reduced, as the high compensation ability of modern cultivars allows N fertilization consisting of two or even one application.     

Influence of management practices on soil organic matter changes in the Northern China plain and Northeastern China

Soil organic matter (SOM) is strongly related to soil type and management practices. Changes in government policy have brought drastic changes in farm management practices in the last two decades in rural China. This study investigates changes in SOM in two different soils: Ustepts and Udolls. Ustepts, in the North China Plain where the climate is warm and sub-humid, developed from an alluvial flood plain with organic matter <10 g kg⁻¹. Udolls, in Northeastern China where the climate is cool and sub-humid, developed from loess-like materials with organic matter >20 g kg⁻¹. Two locations for Ustepts and three locations for Udolls were used to collect 567 soil samples in 1980–1982 and again in 2000 for SOM analysis. Soil organic matter increased for Ustepts and decreased for Udolls soils over the sampling period, resulting from differences in fertilizer rates and crop residue input to soil. Higher fertilizer input and crop intensity and initially very low SOM content in Ustepts all contributed to greater OM input than oxidation release. In contrast, lower fertilizer input and crop intensity, and initially high SOM content in the Udolls, led to lower OM input than oxidation release. Increasing SOM content through higher mineral fertilizer input is a valuable option for sustainable agriculture production in areas where SOM is low and there is a shortage or potential shortage of food supply.     

Distribution of phosphatase activity and various bacterial phyla in the rhizosphere of Hordeum vulgare L. depending on P availability

Despite the importance of the rhizosphere for nutrient turnover, little is known about the spatial patterns of organic phosphorus mineralization by plants and by microorganisms in the rhizosphere. Therefore, the distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity and the abundance of bacteria belonging to various bacterial phyla were investigated in the rhizosphere of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as dependent on the availability of inorganic P. For this purpose, we conducted a greenhouse experiment with barley growing in inclined boxes that can be opened to the bottom side (rhizoboxes), and applied soil zymography and fluorescence-in situ-hybridization (FISH). Acid phosphatase activity was strongly associated with the root and was highest at the root tips. Due to P fertilization, acid phosphatase activity decreased in the bulk soil, and less strongly in the rhizosphere. Alkaline phosphatase activity, i.e., microbial phosphatase activity was high throughout the soil in the control treatment and was reduced due to inorganic P fertilization especially in the rhizosphere and less strongly in the bulk soil. P-fertilization slightly increased the total number of bacteria in the rhizosphere. Moreover, P-fertilization decreased the abundance of Firmicutes and increased the abundances of Beta- and Gamma-Proteobacteria. The total number of bacterial cells was significantly higher at the root surface than at the root tip and at a distance of 30 μm from the root surface. Our results show that alkaline phosphatase activity decreased more strongly in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil due to P fertilization, which might be because of greater C deficiency in the bulk soil compared to the rhizosphere. Furthermore, the results indicate a spatial separation between hotspots of acid phosphatase activity and hotspots of bacteria in the rhizosphere of H. vulgare. Taken together, our study shows that bacteria and phosphatase activity were very heterogeneously distributed in soil, and that the effects of P fertilization on phosphatase activity differed strongly between bulk soil and rhizosphere as well as between various zones of the rhizosphere.     

菌材树种及用量对甘孜州野生乌天麻无性繁殖的影响

研究不同菌材树种、菌材用量对甘孜州野生乌天麻(Gastrodia elata Bl.f.glauca S.Chow)无性繁殖的影响。结果表明,菌材树种对甘孜州野生乌天麻无性繁殖的产量和箭麻折干率均有极显著影响,刺叶栎类材质紧密树种所培养的天麻的产量和折干率极显著高于白桦类材质疏松树种;菌材用量对甘孜州野生乌天麻无性繁殖产量有极显著影响,但对箭麻折干率无影响。     

不同施氨水平对大棚辣椒产量·品质和经济效益的影响

针对当前蔬菜生产中肥料投入量过大的问题,通过田间试验研究不同氮肥施用量对设施辣椒产量、品质和经济效益的影响.结果表明,与不施用氮肥处理相比,施用氮肥处理平均增产率为54.9％.在各施氮处理中,N 450 kg/hm2处理辣椒果实产量和施肥效益最高,分别为22 560 kg./hm2和24.41万元/hm2;增加或减少30％氮肥施用量(N 585和315 kg/hm2),辣椒产量和经济效益均出现下降,但未达显著水平.随着氮肥用量的增加,辣椒VC含量逐渐降低;各处理还原糖含量间无显著差别.综合考虑辣椒产量、品质、经济效益和环境因素,315 kg/hm2是最佳氮肥用量.     

张家界永定区耕地土壤有效磷现状及其空间特征

[目的]弄清永定区耕地土壤有效磷含量特征与空间分异规律,为测土配方施肥和农业面源污染控制提供依据。[方法]采用野外调查取样、室内分析测定、3S技术等方法进行。[结果]永定区耕地土壤有效磷平均为15.3 mg/kg,水田略高于旱地;土壤有效磷空间分布总体呈小团块状或条带状,不同土类与行政区域差异较大,以三级含量水平分布面积最大,为13 281.0 hm2。[结论]永定区耕地土壤有效磷含量总体处于中等偏高水平,但空间变异较大。在磷肥施用中应结合土壤有效磷含量与空间分布规律进行,以防止高值区土壤有效磷盈余过高,造成肥料浪费与农业面源污染的危险。     

不同施肥模式对豫中植烟土壤理化性状及土壤微生物数量的影响

以豫烟10号为材料,分析了不同施肥模式对烤烟土壤理化性状及土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明:在烟株生育过程中大部分时期,优质烟叶生产技术施肥模式和优质高效生产技术施肥模式土壤含水量高于常规生产技术施肥模式和烟叶丰产技术施肥模式,而容重低于此2种施肥模式。各处理土壤速效氮、速效磷、速效钾及有机质总体变化为先升高后降低的趋势,在移栽30~50 d达到最高,p H变化不明显;优质烟叶生产技术施肥模式和优质高效生产技术施肥模式土壤速效氮、速效磷、速效钾及有机质含量较高。各处理土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均随移栽天数增加呈单峰曲线变化,且在60 d左右达到最高峰;优质烟叶生产技术施肥模式和优质高效生产技术施肥模式土壤微生物数量总体高于其他处理。     

仓房气密性与磷化氢环流熏蒸用药量及浓度的相关性

本文报告了国家粮食局储粮新技术生产性试验中关于仓房气密性与磷化氢环流熏蒸用药量和浓度相关性的主要试验结果。生产试验表明：当仓房气密性达到一定程度后，在试验粮情条件下，投入较少的磷化铝即可使仓内浓度得到有效保持，并取得较好的杀虫效果。采用仓外投药时，粮堆内各测点磷化氢浓度约20小时后基本均匀，且均匀性保持较好，最低最高浓度比值较大，一般都在0.8以上。当熏蒸期间仓内磷化氢浓度不足时，可以很方便地进行补充投药。采用表面施药方式时，磷化氢浓度上升和达到均匀的时间都比较慢，仓内各点浓度达到100mL/m^3以上需要2-3天，各点浓度均匀需3-5天。自然潮解施药由于药剂中磷化氢是缓慢放出的，即使在投药相当时间后还会有磷化氢补充到熏蒸环境中，这就使得仓内整体磷化氢浓度下降较慢，总体上保持有效浓度的时间延长且时间后移。本文还对磷化氢环流熏蒸应用中的相关问题进行了探讨。