施肥模式对日光温室土壤铵态氮和硝态氮的影响

通过种植两茬油菜,设置7种施肥模式:有机肥施氮量600 kg/hm2;有机肥施氮量300 kg/hm2;无机肥施氮量767 kg/hm2;无机肥施氮量383 kg/hm2;有机肥施氮量450 kg/hm2,无机肥施氮量153 kg/hm2;有机肥施氮量300 kg/hm2,无机肥施氮量383 kg/hm2;有机肥施氮量150 kg/hm2,无机肥施氮量191 kg/hm2,研究了日光温室0～200 cm土壤中NH4+-N和NO3--N的迁移累积。结果表明,不同施肥模式主要影响0～40 cm土壤中NH4+-N的平均累积量和平均质量比,单施无机肥的相应值大于单施有机肥;不同施肥模式主要影响0～40 cm土壤中NO3--N的平均累积量和平均质量比,当施氮量小于383 kg/hm2时,相应值从大到小依次为:单施无机肥、单施有机肥、有机肥和无机肥配施,不同施肥模式也影响40～160 cm土壤中NO3--N的迁移累积。从地下水污染风险和产量考虑,北京农业种植区日光温室油菜种植可按照有机肥150 kg/hm2、无机肥191 kg/hm2的施肥模式进行施肥。     

Influence of long-term fertilization with farmyard manure on soil organic matter: Characteristics of particle-size fractions

Summary The influence of more than 100 years of fertilization with farmyard manure on soil organic matter in comparison to unfertilized soil was studied in particle-size fractions using elemental (C and N) analyses and pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry. Distinct differences in C and N concentrations and distribution and in the quality of organic matter between the size fractions and the fertilization treatments were observed. Clay-associated C and N were relatively higher in the unfertilized treatment, whereas the application of farmyard manure preferentially increased soil organic matter associated with the fine and medium silt fractions. Pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry of soil fractions <20 m showed increasing values for lignin monomers and dimers and fatty acids with larger equivalent diameters, whereas the proportion of N compounds, mono- and polysaccharides and phenolics decreased in the larger size fractions. Sand fractions were particularly rich in lignin fragments, mono- and polysaccharides, and alkanes/alkenes. These relationships seemed to be independent of management practices. In the same size fractions of the different treatments, however, a higher relative abundance of N-compounds, mono- and polysaccharides, phenolics, lignin monomers, and alkanes/alkenes was observed in the unfertilized variant. Lignin dimers and fatty acids were more abundant in the farmyard manure treatment. Both trends together imply that soil enrichment in organic matter due to the application of farmyard manure largely reflects an increase in lignin building blocks and partly reflects an increase in lipids such as fatty acids in the silt fractions. Therefore these constituents are of particular importance in assessing the positive effects of farmyard manure on soil fertility.     

尿素施肥量对土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

不同肥料用量对土壤生物学过程的影响研究是肥域(际)土壤生态学研究的重要内容之一。本试验采用室内模拟培养试验,研究了不同尿素施肥量对潮土微生物数量和酶活性的影响。结果表明:放线菌和霉菌对尿素施肥量比较敏感,B(肥土比1:1500)施肥量就可以明显降低它们的数量,分别比不施肥(A)下降45.5%和32.2%。硝化细菌在D(肥土比1:400)施肥量时数量最大,之后随施肥量增加而下降,反硝化细菌随施肥量增加直线下降。土壤酶活性均在E(肥土比1:200)施肥量时发生明显变化,脲酶、中性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性急剧下降。     

施肥模型研究综述

对施肥模型和参数研究的历史、现状和趋势进行了综述,并指出今后定量施肥研究的关键问题。     

水稻氮磷肥料减施途径研究

通过大田双季稻轮作试验,研究了在农民习惯施肥的基础上,不同减少氮磷肥料用量的施肥措施对水稻生长、产量的影响。减施氮肥处理结果表明:比农民习惯施肥减施20%氮肥的条件下,施用缓释肥料(80R)产量最高,比传统不减少施氮处理(CFN)增产0.4%,比等养分量纯化肥处理(80F)增产6.0%;用有机肥和化肥配施的处理(30F+50M)比80F增产1.9%;绿肥和化肥配施的处理(50F+30A)比80F显著减产7.2%(P<0.05)。因此,施缓释肥料或用有机肥和化肥配施均能提高产量,减少氮肥施用量。减施磷肥处理结果表明:比农民习惯施肥减少施磷20%的处理均没有减产,说明在本地区减少施磷20%,具有一定的可行性。     

Soil microbial communities resistant to changes in plant functional group composition

The soil community is an often ignored part of research which links plant biodiversity and ecosystem functioning despite their influence on numerous functions such as decomposition and nutrient cycling. Few consistent patterns have been detected that link plant and soil community composition. We used a removal experiment in a northern Canadian grassland to examine the effects of plant functional group identity on soil microbial community structure and function. Plant functional groups (graminoids, legumes and forbs) were removed independently from plots for five growing seasons (2003-2007) and in the fifth year effects on the soil microbial community were examined using substrate-induced respiration (SIR - a measure of metabolic diversity) and phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA - a measure of microbial community composition). Removal treatments were also crossed with both a fertilizer treatment and a fungicide treatment to determine if effects of functional group identity on the soil community were context dependent. Plant functional group identity had almost no effect on the soil microbial community as measured by either SIR or PLFA. Likewise, soil properties including total carbon, pH, moisture and nutrients showed a limited response to plant removals in the fifth year after removals. We found a direct effect of fertilizer on the soil community, with fertilized plots having decreased metabolic diversity, with a decreased ability to metabolize amino acids and a phenolic acid, but there was no direct soil microbial response to fungicide. We show that in this northern Canadian grassland the soil microbial community is relatively insensitive to changes in plant functional group composition, and suggest that in northern ecosystems, where plant material is only slowly incorporated into the soil, five growing seasons may be insufficient to detect the impact of a changing plant community on the soil microbes.     

覆膜对不同施肥条件下玉米拔节期光合参数与荧光参数的影响

为探明覆膜对早春东北黑土玉米叶片光合生理特征的影响,在大田条件下,研究了覆膜对不同施肥条件下玉米拔节期叶片光合参数与叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:覆膜能够显著增加不同施肥条件下玉米拔节期叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用率,而对其他光合参数如细胞间隙CO2浓度和气孔限制值影响不显著.就施肥条件而言,覆膜对N、P处理玉米拔节期叶片光合参数的影响明显强于其他施肥处理.覆膜能够增加施P和PK处理玉米拔节期叶片Fm、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo值,而显著降低了施NPK处理玉米拔节期叶片相应的荧光参数,覆膜对其他施肥处理玉米拔节期叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响不显著.     

兴安落叶松播种苗施肥效应和障碍

在塔河林业局中心苗圃对兴安落叶松Ｌａｒｉｘ ｇｍｅｌｉｎｉ（ＲｕＰｒ．）播种苗进行了施肥效应和施肥障碍研究。结果表明，以有机中添加适量的无机肥料的为基础，并在苗木不同物候期中追施适当比例尿素和二胺对促进苗木高征稿攻地径生长效果最佳，而单独施基肥、最有利于促进苗木侧根的生长；以施有基肥和追施高水平的二胺对苗木茎；根及个体总干物质积累效应显著；综合试验结果，影响苗木生长效应的施肥主导因子顺序为二胺、基     

施肥对雨养区马铃薯干物质累积及肥效的影响

针对宁夏雨养农业区,选择具有代表性的海原县树台乡马铃薯种植基地,设置氮磷钾肥不同施肥处理,于2016~2017年开展了马铃薯田间试验,探讨雨养区施肥对马铃薯干物质累积及肥效的影响。试验结果表明,不同施肥处理对马铃薯干物质积累、产量及水肥利用效率影响不同,其中氮磷钾肥配施处理马铃薯干物质快速积累期增长速度最快,施用氮、磷、钾在淀粉积累期马铃薯块茎累积量分别提高了36.4%、40.5%、18.5%。两年期间,氮磷钾肥配施处理的水分利用效率最大,2016、2017年较无肥区分别增长35.3%、51.0%,平均增长43.2%。在氮磷钾配施条件下,氮、磷、钾肥增产量分别是5 496.6 kg/hm^2、4 739.4 kg/hm^2、3 044.1 kg/hm2,其增产率分别为31.1%、30.6%、17.1%。每千克N、P2O5、K2O分别增产马铃薯30.5 kg、52.7 kg、67.7 kg。氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别为38.3%、18.2%、53.9%,其中钾肥利用率较高。